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+Making backups is boring, but the alternative—losing your data—is a kind of exciting no one wants. I once lost 80 pages of a novel to a bad hard drive. I had no backups. While most of the world is thankful to have been spared those 80 pages, who knows, if that hard drive had lived I might be sipping a Mai Tai on a Maine beach with Stephen King right now. Socially distanced, of course.
+
+Nowadays I back up my data at least three times, in three physically separate places. I know what you're thinking, wow, he is really bummed about missing out on that Mai Tai. It may sound excessive, but it costs next to nothing and happens without me lifting a finger, so why not? 
+
+If the perfect backup existed then sure, three would be overkill, but there is no perfect backup. Things go wrong with backups too. You need to hedge your bets. At the very least you should have two backups, one locally and one remote. For most people this strikes the best balance between safety, cost, and effort.
+
+### Hard Drives
+
+The first backup is the simplest—buy an external hard drive and regularly copy your data to it.
+
+The hardest thing about this backup is figuring out which hard drive to buy. Backblaze, a backup company that currently stores over one exabyte of data, and therefore has considerable experience with hard drives, periodically publishes its [drive statistics](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/hard-drive-test-data.html), which has some helpful numbers to consider. 
+
+Unfortunately, what really jumps out of that data is that longevity varies more by model than by manufacturer. That said, I suggest sticking with known names like Seagate, Western Digital, and Hitachi. But some drives are better than others even within those well-known brands.
+
+Several of us here on the Gear Team have had good luck with Western Digital hard drives. I  like this 4-terabyte model ([$99 Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07VTW2LPX/){: rel=nofollow}, [$120 Best Buy](https://www.bestbuy.com/site/wd-my-passport-4tb-external-usb-3-0-portable-hard-drive-with-hardware-encryption-latest-model-black/6356879.p?skuId=6356879){: rel=nofollow}), which will back up this very article later tonight (it's backed up to the cloud as I type, more on that in minute). 
+
+If you don't mind a larger form factor, there's a Western Digital 6-terabyte "desktop" version that's only about $20 more ([$122 Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Desktop-Hard-Drive-WDBWLG0060HBK-NESN/dp/B076MPMZDV/){: rel=nofollow}, [$125 NewEgg](https://fave.co/3j9waqs){: rel=nofollow}).
+
+One nice thing about buying a drive for backing up your data is that you don't need to worry about drive speed. Even a slow 5400 rpm drive is fine. These slower drives are cheaper, and since the backup software runs in the background, you probably won't notice the slower speed. 
+
+Get the largest backup drive you can afford. Incremental backups—which is how all good backup software works—save disk space by backing up only the files that have changed since the last backup. But even so, you need a larger drive for backups than whatever is in your PC. A good rule of thumb is to get a backup drive that's two, or even three, times the size of the drive in your computer.
+
+####Set It and Forget It
+
+A good backup system runs without you needing to do a thing. If you have to make a backup, you probably won't. These days there is software that can automate all of your backup tasks. 
+
+Mac users should use Time Machine. It's a wonderfully simple piece of software and possibly the best reason to buy a Mac. Apple has [good instructions](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201250) on how to set up Time Machine so it will make daily backups to your external hard drive. Time Machine is smart too, it will only backup files that have changed so it won't eat up all your disk space.
+
+Windows 10 ships with what Microsoft calls "Backup," but it lacks the interface polish of Time Machine and it really doesn't seem intended for daily backups. While many of the features of Time Machine are in Backup, figuring them out isn't for the faint of heart. To get a Time Machine-level of simplicity in Windows you'll need to turn to third-party software. I've had good luck with [Macrium Reflect](https://www.macrium.com/reflectfree){: rel=nofollow}, which has a free option that does most of what you need.
+
+### Offsite Backups: All-in-One
+
+The second backup I suggest is off site. In "the cloud" as marketing departments call it. The cloud is just a handy phrase for saying, "someone else's computer." In this case I mean a server in a data center far from your home. This is backup that covers that awful scenario of physical destruction. For example, I once lost a laptop to a lightning strike (yes I had a surge protector, it pretty much liquefied), but since my data was backed up to the cloud, I was able to get everything back.
+
+What you don't want is something like Dropbox, Google Drive, or Sync.com. Those are all great ways to share and sync documents, but they aren't good for backups. When you change a file on your computer, those changes are then synced to Dropbox. Which means if a file becomes corrupted, the corruption is then sent to Dropbox and cascades through all your backups. That's not what you want. A good backup never changes, you copy the file and then it's never touched again.
+
+Fortunately there are plenty of cloud backup solutions available. Some are all-in-one, you sign up, download the service's app, and you're done. This is what we suggest for newcomers. 
+
+After testing a dozen backup services like this, I found Backblaze to offer the best combination of features, price, and reliability. For $60/year you can get unlimited storage for one machine. If you don't want to pay the $60 up front you can pay $6/month. Backblaze works on both Windows and macOS, and the default settings will do a good job of backing up your data. 
+
+Backblaze retains each version of your file for 30-days, though you can up that if you pay a little more. 
+
+Other options include iDrive, which offers 5-terabytes of storage at $52 for the first year, $70/year after that. The iDrive software isn't quite as simple as Backblaze, but it offers additional features—like keeping deleted files indefinitely—that more advanced users might like. Another option I tested is Acronis True Image, which is not as cheap, and Windows-only, but does a great job of automating your backups on Windows.
+
+### Offsite Backups: Separate App and Storage Provider
+
+A second way you can backup to the cloud is using an app that connects to multiple online storage services. 
+
+This requires a little extra effort up front, but this method makes it easy to back up your data at multiple online services from a single app. In fact, our top pick, Duplicati can handle everything from an external hard drive to cloud services like Amazon's AWS. 
+
+This is why for more advanced users I recommend [Duplicati](https://www.duplicati.com/). Duplicati is a free, open source backup tool that connects to just about every cloud-based backup service around. 
+
+Duplicati uses a web-based interface (running locally on your computer) and offers very fine-grained control over your backups. You can set backups to run however you'd like, from yearly to hourly, and you can tell Duplicati to back up or ignore any folder, or even file you want.
+
+To get started click "add backup" and Duplicati will take you through the process of setting up an account at cloud storage provider, and entering your login credentials. Then you pick which files you want to back up. One word of caution about something that bit me once in my testing: when Duplicati can't find a file—for example, if you're having it back up data that's on an external drive you sometimes don't plug in—it will halt the entire backup until that drive is available. You can change this behavior in the settings, but by default this is how it works.
+
+If Duplicati isn't quite what you want, another option is [MSP360](https://www.msp360.com/backup/desktop.aspx){: rel=nofollow} (formerly Cloudberry). It costs $30, though there is a free version with limited features. MSP360 worked well in my testing, but I did not find anything about it that convinced me it was better than Duplicati. Another possibility is [Arq](https://cloud.arqbackup.com/purchase){: rel=nofollow}, which will set you back $80. Again, Arq worked well in my testing—in fact, I used Arq to make backups for years and never had any problems with it—but it's hard to justify the price when Duplicati is free.
+
+### Final Thoughts and Suggestions
+
+One important caveat is that no backup system can be trusted until you actually restore from it. It sounds silly, but I strongly suggest you practice restoring your data *before* you actually need to. If there are any problems in your system, you want to find them before disaster strikes.
+
+The final thing to consider when putting together your backup system is what you want to back up. For most of us that's a mix of personal data—photos of the kids, videos, important documents—as well as less personal things like downloaded media, and all the system files that keep our PCs running the way we want them. 
+
+There are other folders worth considering though, depending on your habits. For example, I never used to backup my Downloads folder because I'm probably going to move downloaded files somewhere else. However, I don't always move them very quickly, so I added Downloads to my backup system to make sure nothing slips through the cracks. 
+
+That's really the most important part of making backups -- to make sure you have a system that works the way you do. For that reason I suggest experimenting with several of the options above until you find what works for you. With hard drives and online storage space so cheap these days there's really no excuse not to have at least two backups of your data.