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+# Training In Sailing Vessels Carries On
+
+By Commander Francis E. Clark, U. S. Navy
+[View
+Issue](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1955/october){.btn
+
+Training in seamanship under sail for young men is not dead, but is
+still very much alive! We are aware that the age of nuclear power has
+arrived and may, in the not too distant future, replace steam, but how
+many realize that sailing vessels, even in our own country, provide
+basic training which certain people believe cannot be adequately
+duplicated in full-powered ships?
+
+It has been over forty years since the U. S. Navy has provided formal
+training in square-rigged sailing vessels for midshipmen and recruit
+seamen, and there are probably very few, if any, officers on active duty
+today whose personal memories include going aloft and laying out on a
+yardarm. We, in the Navy, have lost direct contact with the "old" days
+of sail for so long that it may be somewhat of a surprise that sail
+training is still firmly believed in and *supported* by many of the
+maritime nations of the world. USCGC *Eagle* (fully pictured in the
+[October, 1954,
+*Proceedings*](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1954/october/eagle-spreads-her-wings-pictorial))
+is not by any means an isolated example; in this year of our Lord 1955,
+there are at least *fifteen* square-riggers engaged in training, all
+operational and seagoing. There are a dozen or so more whose present
+status is not known, mainly because they belong to countries behind the
+Iron Curtain, but which are possibly operational. By "square-riggers" is
+meant vessels rigged as ships, barks, and barkentines; in addition there
+are a number of small sail-craft in service, topsail schooners, ketches,
+and so on. Most, of course, have auxiliary power.
+
+Although World War II appreciably reduced the number of these craft, the
+survivors are not merely dying relics of a past era. Interest in this
+type of training is continuing and is reflected by the number of sailing
+vessels which were refitted after wartime damage and by new
+construction. Since World War II, at least five (and possibly quite a
+few more) *new* sail training vessels have been completed---several
+barkentines and schooners, and one brigantine. Furthermore, most of the
+older ones are receiving excellent material upkeep, including extensive
+refits when necessary.
+
+This writer does not intend to enter the controversy as to whether sail
+training (as opposed to training on a vessel with only mechanical means
+of propulsion) is necessary or desirable. Suffice it to say that
+numerous persons in positions of responsibility and authority do believe
+in sail training. The subject has been well aired by many writers and by
+men of experience for years. Some of the remarks concerning *Eagle* in
+the [October, 1954,
+*Proceedings*](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1954/october/eagle-spreads-her-wings-pictorial)
+contain the essential reasons in favor of sail training; another example
+is an article in the [September, 1938,
+*Proceedings*](https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1938/september/why-training-sail).
+No advocate attempts to argue that sail training is required to teach
+the midshipman or recruit professional subjects; in fact, it is admitted
+that in many fields, engineering, for example, a "modern" training
+vessel is preferable from a technical standpoint. The proponents of sail
+training place their emphasis on the more intangible benefits of
+character building induced by life under sail. These benefits are
+considered so valuable that sail training is still supported, not only
+by governments, but also by hard- headed businessmen. For example,
+Norway today has three sail training vessels supported primarily, to the
+best of my knowledge, by private funds (merchant shipowners, *etc*.);
+yet the last commercial square- rigger under the Norwegian flag (the
+bark *Peltr Ugland)* made its last voyage in 1929. Certainly these three
+vessels are not maintained to teach young men the technical details of
+handling a ship under sail.
+
+It may also be noted, as will be seen below, that facilities for sail
+training are being increased in certain countries, although dying out in
+others. Our own United States is one example; at least the U. S. Coast
+Guard cadets are receiving more extensive sail training in the *Eagle*
+than they did aboard the pre-World War II *Alexander Hamilton.* Brazil
+now has two large sailers instead of one. Indonesia, a new nation, has
+the newly constructed *Dewarutji.* And the USSR, instead of one large
+sail training vessel, now has a sizable fleet!
+
+Before attempting to summarize recent and present sail training vessels,
+mention should be made of the various types of training ships from the
+standpoint of sponsorship, although the line of demarcation is not
+always clear. First of all are those entirely government owned. Naval
+training vessels are obviously in this category, used for the training
+of midshipmen (or prospective officers by whatever term they are
+designated), or enlisted personnel, or both. These functions are carried
+out either in separate training vessels or sometimes together. *Eagle,*
+for example, carries only cadets (prospective officers); the Portuguese
+*Sagres* carries cadets, enlisted recruits, and also trainees of varying
+grades preparing for advancement in rating, a program similar to our
+class "B" schools. Most of the naval training vessels are associated
+with a shore facility such as a naval academy. Second, there are
+government training vessels primarily in connection with merchant marine
+training, but some may also train naval cadets. These are similar to the
+naval training ships and may or may not be associated with a shore
+facility. Boys of different ages may be separately trained; for example,
+the Danish *Georg Stage* trains younger boys on Baltic and North Sea
+cruises, and many, although not all, then "graduate" to deep sea
+training in the *Danmark.* The third type is primarily privately
+sponsored, although there may be a government subsidy. These may be
+operated by a large shipping company (primarily for its own benefit), by
+an association of shipowners in a particular port, or by a "foundation,"
+usually endowed originally by a wealthy man with an interest in shipping
+and in the training of young men. Some of these foundations may be
+considered charities in that applicants are limited to certain income
+brackets. In this article, I use the words "private" or "foundation" to
+designate these types of sponsorship; merchant marine training will be
+understood.
+
+Other forms of classification are whether the vessel is stationary or
+operational, and whether the vessel does or does not carry cargoes as a
+secondary mission. Obviously this latter class applies primarily to
+those privately sponsored. The combined cargotraining scheme is favored
+by large shipping companies, both to reduce the cost and to provide
+training in cargo handling.
+
+Another form of training (merchant marine), which is outside the scope
+of this article, is the employment of cadets or apprentices in regular
+commercial vessels as a prerequisite to "sitting" for an officer's
+license. This form of training is well known and many countries, at
+least before World War II, required varying amounts of this
+apprenticeship to be served in sail. Therefore, when sailing vessels
+were becoming scarcer, many firms had vessels which were designated
+"cadet ships" and carried in their crews a high percentage of "boys" who
+required this experience and were willing to receive minimum wages, or
+even *pay* a premium for the privilege of so serving. The British firm
+of Devitt and Moore in pre-World War I days, the German nitrate carriers
+belonging to Herr Laeisz, and many of Gustav Erikson's fleet (Finnish)
+in the years between wars were especially notable in this regard but
+cannot be further described here. However, for these, profitable
+operation was essential to their existence, and training was necessarily
+a subordinate function, but the distinction between "cadet ships" and
+privately sponsored cargo-training vessels is often very slight.
+
+With this background, a summary of the sail training vessels of the
+present and recent past is in order. I have grouped them roughly by
+geographical area, for convenience; my information is obtained from
+Jane's *Fighting Ships,* Lloyd's *Register,* and various books and
+publications dealing with maritime history. Starting with our own
+country, the U. S. Navy has had no formal sail training for many years;
+USS *Hartford* in 1909 was the last sailing vessel to make a
+midshipmen's practice cruise, and when the *Reina Mercedes* replaced the
+USS *Hartford* as station ship in 1912, square rig disappeared forever
+from the Naval Academy. (An excellent history of the Naval Academy
+practice ships will be found in the May, 1934, Proceedings.) Since then
+the only sail training, except for small boats, at the U. S. Naval
+Academy has been on a voluntary extracurricular basis on board attached
+yachts. Older officers will remember the *Argo* and *Robert Center;*
+those more junior will be familiar with *Vamarie, Highland Light,
+Freedom, Royono,* and the Luders yawls presently stationed at Annapolis.
+Our Coast Guard, however, is still an adherent of sail training for its
+prospective officers. In earlier days, the *Dobbin, Chase,* and *Itasca*
+were successively the practice ships, and, until 1900, constituted the
+whole Coast Guard Academy. In 1920 the gunboat *Vicksburg* (PG 11), an
+auxiliary barkentine, was acquired from the Navy and renamed *Alexander
+Hamilton,* and was based at New London until the late thirties. (There
+were six gunboats in this 1895 class which included *Newport* (PG 12)
+and *Annapolis* (PG 10), to be mentioned later.) During World War II,
+the Danish *Danmark,* fortunately in this country when her homeland was
+occupied, was volunteered by her master, and ship and crew served the
+Coast Guard Academy throughout the war, making short cruises under sail
+in Long Island Sound and nearby waters. Since then, the auxiliary bark
+*Eagle* (the former German *Horst Wessel*) was acquired and needs no
+further comment here. Another sailer in Coast Guard service from 1941 to
+1947 was the three-masted schooner yacht *Atlantic,* which in 1905 won a
+trans-Atlantic race with a passage of twelve days, four hours, from
+Sandy Hook to the Lizard.
+
+The United States government has consistently supported \"merchant
+marine training by the loan of suitable vessels from the Navy to the
+various State Maritime Academies; the states of New York, Pennsylvania
+and Massachusetts formerly had sail training vessels. The old sloop of
+war *St. Marys* served New York until replaced by the *Newport* about
+1907. *Newport* (which participated in the Naval Academy cruise of 1900)
+was normally berthed at Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor (this was
+prior to the acquisition of the Fort Schuyler site), and made her last
+annual cruise in 1931 to Bremerton Navy Yard, where USS *Procyon*
+(steam) replaced her. A sister ship, *Annapolis* (which participated in
+the Naval Academy practice cruise of 1899), replaced *Saratoga* as the
+Pennsylvania schoolship and served until shortly before World War II.
+Massachusetts' first training ship was the USS *Enterprise,* loaned in
+1892 and relieved in 1909 by the USS *Ranger* (PG 23), renamed the
+*Nantucket* in 1918. *Ranger* was built in 1873-1876 at Wilmington,
+Delaware, as an auxiliary bark, most of her naval career being on survey
+and patrol duties in the Pacific. She was rerigged as a barkentine at
+Mare Island in 1896-99, but the yards on her mainmast were replaced
+during an extensive overhaul at Boston Navy Yard in 1932, and she
+continued active until World War II threatened. All the other state
+training vessels (including the present ones) were, and are,
+full-powered.
+
+The U. S. government took a direct hand in merchant marine training in
+World War II. *Nantucket,* briefly renamed *Bay State,* was transferred
+to the newly founded U. S. Merchant Marine Academy at King's Point N. Y.
+in 1942 and again renamed, this time being christened *Emery Rice.*
+Operational until 1944, she is now designated as a museum ship. The
+three-masted auxiliary schooner (yacht) *Verna* was also at King's Point
+at one time, but is there no longer. For the wartime school at St.
+Petersburg, Florida, the Maritime Commission obtained the ship
+*Tusitala* (built 1883 at Greenock, Scotland, as the British merchantman
+*Inveruglas,* later *Sierra Lucena, Sofie,* and *Tusitala)* as a
+stationary training ship, and also the little full-rigged ship *Joseph
+Conrad,* built in Denmark in 1882 as the *Georg Stage. Joseph Conrad*
+was employed under sail out of St. Petersburg until 1945. She is still
+afloat, although not operational, and is owned by the Marine Historical
+Association, Inc., of Mystic, Connecticut. The *Conrad* is used by Sea
+Scout groups. *Tusitala* was scrapped in 1948 at Mobile, Alabama.
+
+Among privately sponsored U. S. vessels, mention should be made of the
+five-masted barkentine *Marsala,* operated in the 1930's by the American
+Nautical Academy National Training School of Washington, D. C. Tabor
+Academy, in Marion, Massachusetts, a boy's preparatory school and a
+Navy- designated "honor" school, has had several yachts, usually named
+*Tabor Boy.* The present one was built about 1915 in Amsterdam as "Pilot
+Schooner No. 2" (there were twelve in all) and in use as such until
+1926. Later she was renamed *Bestevaer* and used for training, at first
+out of Rotterdam, and after 1943 by the German Navy in the Baltic. After
+a brief sojourn in Soviet hands, *Bestevaer* was returned to the
+Netherlands and in 1953 was purchased by Mr. R. C. Allen of Grand
+Rapids, Michigan, and later presented to Tabor Academy, where she is now
+in active service. Finally, in 1953 the Catholic Sea Cadets of America
+acquired the four- masted schooner *Annie C. Ross* (built 1917). Renamed
+Star of the Sea, she quietly sank to the bottom near Hempstead, New
+York, on September 4, 1955.
+
+The other American republics can be covered more quickly, and most of
+the Latin American training ships are under naval sponsorship. Well
+known is the Brazilian Navy's *Almirante Saldanha,* an auxiliary
+four-masted barkentine which has frequently visited the United States.
+This is the second vessel of that name, the first being a full- rigged
+ship, the former British merchantman *Dovenby Hall* (built 1885) which
+served Brazil's merchant marine during the twenties. The current
+*Almirante Saldanha* was launched at Barrow, England, December 19, 1933.
+In 1948 Brazil received a second seagoing naval training ship, the
+auxiliary bark *Guanabara,* built in 1937 as the German *Albert Leo
+Schlageter,* and a sister ship to USCGC *Eagle.* I emphasize the word
+*second* since *Almirante Saldanha* received a major refit at her
+builder's yard in 1950. To further emphasize Brazil's current interest
+in sail training, the small schooner *Albatros* (formerly *Wishbone)*
+was acquired from England about 1950 and attached to the Naval College.
+The Argentine Navy has long had the auxiliary ship *Presidente
+Sarmiento,* built at Birkenhead in 1898, refitted in the same yard in
+1925-26, and again refitted 1940-41. She has also served as the
+presidential yacht. Chile's *General Baquedano* was similar but
+bark-rigged. She was also built in England in 1898 and extensively
+refitted in the twenties, but has not been sea-going since before World
+War II, and is now a hulk, no longer listed in *Jane\'s.* However, in
+1941, Chile acquired the four-masted bark *Priwall* from Germany, one of
+the finest of the Laeisz "Flying P" nitrate carriers. *Priwall* was
+commissioned in the Chilean Navy as *Lautaro*, later fitted with
+auxiliary diesels, and made several combined cargo-training runs to
+California ---a rare example of a *naval* cargo-carrying training
+ship---until she was lost by fire off the coast of Peru in March, 1945.
+The present Chilean training ship is the *Esmeralda,* newly constructed
+at Cadiz, Spain, and launched as recently as May 12, 1953. An auxiliary
+barkentine (See page 1186), she was originally intended for the Spanish
+Navy and is reported to be similar to *Juan Sebastian de Elcano.*
+However, she was never commissioned in the Spanish Navy but transferred
+directly to Chile upon completion. To complete the Latin American
+roster, Peru had the four-masted bark *Contramaestre Duenas* (ex-British
+*Vortigern)* for a period subsequent to World War I. Uruguay formerly
+had the seagoing schooner *Aspirante* and the stationary barkentine
+*Diez y Ocho de Julio,* but both of these were scrapped in 1953.
+Colombia has the ketch *La Atrevida,* and the Dominican Republic has
+*Duarte,* listed in *Jane\'s.*
+
+The Pacific area can also be covered briefly. Australia and New Zealand
+have not had underway sail training since World War I. Japan, however,
+had a quartet of auxiliary four-masted sailing vessels for merchant
+marine training, the barks *Taisei Maru* (1904), *Nippon Maru* (1930),
+*Kaio Maru* (1930), and the barkentine *Shintoku Maru* (1924). The best
+known was probably *Taisei Maru,* of the Tokyo Nautical College, which
+several times visited the United States and once circumnavigated the
+world. In 1929, for example, she commenced her fortieth training
+voyage---to various Pacific Islands, Formosa, Hong Kong, and Manila,
+returning to Tokyo in April, 1930. The sisters *Nippon Maru* and *Kaio
+Maru* (as spelled by Lloyd's but also sometimes seen as *Kaiwo* or
+*Kaimo Maru)* were built at Kobe and operated from Tokyo; the writer saw
+them at Tsingtao in 1940. All three survived World War II, being
+stripped of their sails and used as motor vessels; *Nippon Maru,*
+however, was rerigged in 1952 and, again operational, visited Portland,
+Oregon, in 1955. *Shintoku Maru* was formerly attached to the Kobe
+Nautical College, but disappeared from Lloyd's *Register* in the
+thirties. A newcomer in the Pacific is the Indonesian auxiliary
+barkentine *Dewarutji,* launched at Hamburg on January 24,1953. Veteran
+German school- ship personnel assisted the Indonesians with her trials,
+shakedown, and delivery via Suez Canal.
+
+Europe has been, and is, the stronghold of sail training, However,
+rather surprisingly, Great Britain is not the leading European country
+in this regard. For the Royal Navy, the only recent name I know is the
+yawl *Amaryllis,* formerly attached to the Royal Naval College at
+Dartmouth. For the far- flung merchant marine on which Britannia
+depends, I know of no large sea-going vessels since Devitt and Moore's
+"cadet ships" were dispersed by World War I, except the round-the-world
+cruise of *Joseph Conrad* in 1934---36. Although square-rig experience
+was required until recently for certain licences, such as Thames River
+Pilot, there was no vessel under the British flag where this experience
+could be obtained after the *Walerwilch,* a small coastal barkentine,
+was sold in 1939! However, the British government has in the past
+supported the stationary training ships *Conway, Arelhusa,* and
+*Worcester,* at least to the extent of providing aging men-of-war for
+the purpose, although these schools are better described as "private"
+rather than "government." The latest *Conway* was originally the
+ship-of-the-line HMS *Nile,* laid down in 1827, but not initially
+commissioned until 1852; moored in the Mersey as the third *Conway*
+since about 1875, she was taken to Menai Strait for safety during World
+War II. In 1953 while being towed through the Swillies en route to
+Birkenhead for drydocking, the towline parted and she went aground,
+breaking her back. The school will carry on ashore. *Worcester* was also
+originally one of England's "wooden walls" but for many years was moored
+near London as part of the Thames Nautical Training College. She was
+joined in 1938 by the former British clipper ship *Cutty Sark.* The
+"old" *Worcester* has now gone, but a new *Worcester* training hulk was
+recently fabricated to replace her; *Cutty Sark* is being preserved as a
+relic. The Shaftesbury Home and Arethusa Training Ship, near London, is
+similar. The original *Arethusa,* an 1849 frigate reportedly the last
+Royal Navy vessel to go into action under sail, was moored in the Medway
+for sixty years until scrapped in 1933. Her replacement was the
+four-masted bark *Peking,* another smart Laeisz "Flying P" vessel, which
+is still afloat (now crossing yards only on the fore) and, of course,
+renamed *Arethusa.* Operational British sail training vessels are all
+small, privately sponsored, and largely former yachts. Between wars they
+included the barkentines *St. George* and *Lady Quirk* and the schooners
+*Maisie Graham* and *Exmouth II* and, since\' World War II, the
+*Warspite, Moyanna,* and *Garibaldi.* A 1955 addition is the former
+Danish three-masted schooner *Peder Most,* now being refitted and
+renamed *Prince Louis II.* The Antarctic exploration bark *Discovery,*
+used by Sea Scouts for many years, is still moored in the Thames.
+
+France is largely uninterested. *Jane\'s* lists several small training
+vessels for the Navy, but the largest are the 227-ton sisters *L'
+Etoile* and *LaBelle-Poule,* topsail schooners built at Fecamp in 1932.
+For the merchant marine, the four-masted bark *Richelieu* (former German
+*Pola*) was placed in service after World War I, but she sank after a
+cargo explosion at Baltimore in 1926. Since then the bark *Charles
+Danielou* was bought in 1930 but quickly faded from the scene. The
+Netherlands are more interested. The Royal Netherlands Navy has the
+small schooner *Urania,* commissioned in 1938, and *Hobein,* a
+post-World War II acquisition (ex-German). For the merchant marine there
+are the stationary school ships *Nederlander* at Rotterdam, and *Pollux*
+(bark) at Amsterdam. *Bestevaer,* previously mentioned, was privately
+sponsored prior to World War II. And Belgium has been a steady provider
+of sail training for the merchant marine. In 1906 the ship *Comte de
+Smet de Naeyer* (built 1877 as the British *Jeanie Landles,* but best
+known as *Linlithgowshire)* was acquired and used as a stationary
+training ship at Antwerp until she was scrapped in 1934. Seagoing
+training was provided by the four-masted bark *L'Avenir,* built
+specially in Germany in 1908. *L'Avenir's* primary mission was training,
+but she also carried cargoes, her last one for the Belgians being
+phosphate from Fernandina, Florida, in 1932. Both of these were replaced
+by *Mercator; L'Avenir* was sold to Gustav Erikson of Finland and will
+be mentioned again. *Mercator* is a three-masted auxiliary barken- tine,
+built for Belgium at Leith, Scotland, in 1932, specifically for training
+purposes. She cruises extensively in the Atlantic each year and at least
+once in the Pacific. World War II found her en route from Rio to St.
+Helena, but she made her way safely to Freetown. *Mercator* visited New
+York in 1953, and Philadelphia and Boston in 1954. Under private
+sponsorship was the ketch *Strombank,* in the thirties, at Zeebrugge.
+
+For a nation as devoted to sail training as Germany, it is unfortunate
+that she has had such bad luck. Twice in this century she lost her best
+training ships as "reparations." And she has had most of the tragedies
+for this class of vessel: *Niobe* foundered, *Bohus* and *Pommern* were
+lost in heavy weather, and *Admiral Karpfanger* went missing with all
+hands. The republic of West Germany is still interested but presently
+has no government sponsored deep-sea sail training vessel. *Deutschland*
+is still afloat but laid up in poor condition; *Seute Deem* is now a
+youth hostel ship in the Netherlands. One post-war attempt by private
+capital ran into economic difficulties; the four-masted barks *Pamir*
+and *Passat,* whose last grain voyages around Cape Horn were described
+in the May, 1950, Proceedings, were acquired, fitted with auxiliary
+power, and made two cargo-training voyages to Rio de Janeiro in 1952.
+Both were then laid up, but 1955 reports are that *Pamir,* supported by
+German shipowners, has resumed voyaging to South America and that
+*Passat,* after overhaul, will soon join her.
+
+Soviet Russia, as previously mentioned, has shown a greatly increased
+interest in sail training since World War II but not too many details
+are available. I know of no large training vessels in the Baltic in
+prewar years, but there were probably some smaller craft such as
+schooners, *etc.-,* the barkentine *Vega* being one shadowy name. In the
+Black Sea, however, there has usually been a larger vessel. Prior to the
+Revolution, there was the *Grand Duchess Maria Nico- laevna* (ex-Devitt
+and Moore "cadet ship" *Hesperus*), but she was never in Soviet hands.
+However, in 1925 the U.S.S.R. acquired the former British four-masted
+bark *Lauriston;* renamed *Tovarisch,* she made one or two deep-sea
+voyages, sinking the Italian steamer *Alcantara* with heavy loss of
+life, prior to proceeding to the Black Sea in 1928. The first
+*Tovarisch* was sunk by German air action in 1944, but a second
+Tovarisch (ex- German *Gorch Pock*) and the ex-Italian *Cristoforo
+Colombo* (renamed ?), acquired as reparations, have replaced her. In the
+Baltic, the Soviet Union reportedly now has the training ships given on
+page 1147.
+
+Lastly, for the U.S.S.R., an auxiliary training barkentine named
+*Sekstan* called at Singapore and Hong Kong in September, 1948, en route
+to Vladivostok.
+
+Turning southward, we find Spain and Portugal both active in the sail
+training field. The Portuguese Navy makes good use of the auxiliary bark
+*Sagres* for many phases of training, cruising extensively. Built in
+1896 as a German merchantman, she carried various names before being
+purchased for naval use in 1924. Auxiliary power was fitted in 1931, but
+is still little used at sea. *Sagres* will be remembered for her visits
+to New York and various New England ports in 1948. There is also an old
+frigate-type stationary schoolship in the Tagus named *Dom Fernando II E
+Gloria.* The Spanish Navy's *Juan Sebastian de Elcano* is also well
+known and has frequently visited the United States. Built in 1927-28,
+she is usually called an auxiliary "barkentine," although her foremast
+is not square-rigged in the traditional manner (this applies also to
+some other "barkentines" so termed in this article), and some insist she
+is a "topsail schooner." Her cruises are lengthy, usually in the North
+and South Atlantic, but at least twice to the Pacific. For example, her
+1953-54 cruise lasted 270 days, covered 21,800 miles, and included
+visits to ports as distant as Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Savannah, and
+Boston. As previously noted, a running mate for the *Elcano* was built
+(tentatively named *Don Juan de Austria)* but was sold to Chile and is
+now *Esmeralda.* This may have sparked more extensive use of the
+auxiliary bark *Galatea,* built in 1896 and on the Spanish Navy list
+since 1922, but long seen only in local waters; she is now in active
+deep-sea service, visiting New York in December 1953. However, the small
+schooners *Estella* and *Virgen de la Caridad* were "discarded" in 1953.
+
+Obviously, the status of sail training is quite healthy. And even where
+World War II inflicted serious wounds, as it did to navies and merchant
+marines throughout the world, sail training is showing a remarkable
+recovery. Though commercial sailing vessels are a thing of the past with
+a few very localized exceptions, the belief in the value of this form of
+training is still strong. For some time to come, many youths who feel
+the lure of the sea will receive their early indoctrination aboard a
+vessel where the motive power is provided by the free winds, and where a
+seaman's character is molded by the tall masts and tapering spars.
+Although what is learned in these ships will be applied aboard vessels
+with other---possibly even nuclear---forms of power, these youths will
+never forget the basic respect for nature which they learned under sail.
+And as long as one of these vessels remains at sea, the eyes of sailors
+everywhere will appreciate their beauty and their usefulness.
+
+(Editor's Note: Data concerning sailing vessels used for training will
+be found in tabulated form according to nationality on the following
+pages.)
+[Commander Francis E. Clark, U. S.
+Navy](https://www.usni.org/people/francis-e-clark)
+Graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in the Class of 1937, Commander
+Clark is currently attached to Headquarters, First Naval District,
+Boston, Massachusetts. Since World War II he has served as Commanding
+Officer of USS *Whitewood* (AG 129), USS *Redbud* (AKL 398), and USS
+*Shadwell* (LSD 15). This is his first article to appear in the
+Proceedings.
+
+[More Stories From This
+Author](https://www.usni.org/people/francis-e-clark){.btn .btn-primary
+.button} [View
+Biography](https://www.usni.org/people/francis-e-clark){.btn
+.btn-secondary .button}
+
+**Digital *Proceedings* content made possible by a gift from CAPT Roger
+Ekman, USN (Ret.)**
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