diff options
| author | luxagraf <sng@luxagraf.net> | 2020-11-29 13:17:50 -0500 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | luxagraf <sng@luxagraf.net> | 2020-11-29 13:17:50 -0500 |
| commit | 642b5821695f286c6e2510c45a33e16eec249d65 (patch) | |
| tree | 317f03ca88e34d5fd68514bcad406b89f7207d5e /bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt | |
added all files
Diffstat (limited to 'bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt')
| -rwxr-xr-x | bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt | 3099 |
1 files changed, 3099 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt b/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..2f833d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3099 @@ +--- +title: Romani people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia +date: 2008-08-30T20:34:46Z +source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_people +tags: culture, history, writing + +--- + + +Total population + +2 million \~ 12 +million^[[1]](#cite_note-1)^^[[2]](#cite_note-2)^^[[3]](#cite_note-3)^\ + Also see **[Romani people by +country](/wiki/Romani_people_by_country#Population_by_country "Romani people by country")** + +Regions with significant populations + + [United +States](/wiki/United_States "United States") + +1,000,000\ + (0.32%)^[[4]](#cite_note-time-4)^ + + [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") + +800,000\ + (0.41%)^[[5]](#cite_note-5)^ + + [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") + +650,000\ + (1.62%)^[[6]](#cite_note-6)^ + + [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") + +621,573\ + (3.3%)^[[7]](#cite_note-7)^ + + [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") + +500,000\ + (0.72%)^[[8]](#cite_note-Turkey-8)^ + + [France](/wiki/France "France") + +500,000\ + (0.79%)^[[9]](#cite_note-9)^ + + [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") + +370,908\ + (4.67%)^[[10]](#cite_note-10)^ + + [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") + +205,720\ + (2.02%)^[[11]](#cite_note-11)^ + + [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") + +200,000\ + (1.82%)^[[12]](#cite_note-12)^ + + [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") + +189,920\ + (1.71%)^[[13]](#cite_note-13)^ + + [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") + +182,766\ + (0.13%)^[[14]](#cite_note-14)^ + + [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") + +147,604\ + (2.05%)^[[15]](#cite_note-15)^ + + [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") + +130,000\ + (0.22%)^[[16]](#cite_note-16)^ + + [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") + +120,000\ + (0.15%)^[[17]](#cite_note-17)^ + + [United +Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") + +90,000\ + (0.15%)^[[18]](#cite_note-18)^ + + [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia") + +53,879\ + (2.85%)^[[19]](#cite_note-19)^ + + [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") + +53,000\ + (0.05%)^[[20]](#cite_note-20)^ + + [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") + +50,000 – 100,000^[[21]](#cite_note-21)^ + + [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") + +47,587\ + (0.098%)^[[22]](#cite_note-22)^ + + [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") + +30,000 – 50,000\ + (0.3%) + +Languages + +[Romani](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), languages of native +region + +Religion + +[Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^\ + +[Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^\ + +[Shaktism](/wiki/Shaktism "Shaktism")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^ + +Related ethnic groups + +[Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people"), +[Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people"), [Domba](/wiki/Domba "Domba"); +other [Indo-Aryans](/wiki/Indo-Aryans "Indo-Aryans") + +[](/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pc1 "All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review") + +Part of [a series](/wiki/Category:Romani "Category:Romani") on + +**Romani people** + +[](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg "Flag of the Romani people") + +- [Culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture") +- [Music](/wiki/Romani_music "Romani music") +- [Language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") +- [History](/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people "History of the Romani people") +- [Dance](/wiki/Romani_dance "Romani dance") +- [Religion](/wiki/Romani_people#Religion "Romani people") +- [People](/wiki/List_of_Romani_people "List of Romani people") + +Diaspora[[show]](#) + +- [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Garachi "Garachi") +- [Basque Country](/wiki/Erromintxela "Erromintxela") +- [Bosnia-Herzegovina](/wiki/Roma_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina") +- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") +- [Brazil](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal_and_Brazil "Romani people in Portugal and Brazil") +- [Bulgaria](/wiki/Roma_in_Bulgaria "Roma in Bulgaria") +- [Croatia](/wiki/Roma_of_Croatia "Roma of Croatia") +- [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Roma_in_Czechoslovakia "Roma in Czechoslovakia") +- [Czech + Republic](/wiki/Roma_in_the_Czech_Republic "Roma in the Czech Republic") +- [England](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") +- [Finland](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale") +- [France](/wiki/Romani_people_in_France "Romani people in France") +- [Germany](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") +- [Greece](/wiki/Roma_in_Greece "Roma in Greece") +- [Gurbeti](/wiki/Gurbeti "Gurbeti") +- [Hungary](/wiki/Roma_in_Hungary "Roma in Hungary") +- [Iran](/wiki/Zargari_people "Zargari people") +- [Iraq](/wiki/Kawliya "Kawliya") +- [Ireland](/wiki/Roma_in_Ireland "Roma in Ireland") +- [Kalderash](/wiki/Roma_in_Kosovo "Roma in Kosovo") +- [Kosovo](/wiki/Roma_in_Kosovo "Roma in Kosovo") +- [Lăutari](/wiki/L%C4%83utari "Lăutari") +- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari") +- [Northern Basque Country](/wiki/Cascarots "Cascarots") +- [Norway](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") +- [Poland (Bergitka)](/wiki/Bergitka_Roma "Bergitka Roma") +- [Poland (Polska)](/wiki/Polska_Roma "Polska Roma") +- [Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal_and_Brazil "Romani people in Portugal and Brazil") +- [Republic of + Macedonia](/wiki/Roma_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Roma in the Republic of Macedonia") +- [Romania](/wiki/Roma_in_Romania "Roma in Romania") +- [Russia (Ruska)](/wiki/Ruska_Roma "Ruska Roma") +- [Russia (Servitka)](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") +- [Serbia](/wiki/Roma_in_Serbia "Roma in Serbia") +- [Serbia (Machvaya)](/wiki/Machvaya "Machvaya") +- [Slovakia](/wiki/Roma_in_Slovakia "Roma in Slovakia") +- [Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") +- [Sweden](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") +- [Turkey](/wiki/Roma_in_Turkey "Roma in Turkey") +- [Ukraine](/wiki/Roma_in_Ukraine "Roma in Ukraine") +- [Ukraine (Crymy](/wiki/Crymy "Crymy") +- [Ukraine (Servitka)](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") +- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") +- [USA](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") +- [USA + (Hungarian-Slovak)](/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States "Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States") +- [Wales](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)") + +- [](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg) + [Romani people + portal](/wiki/Portal:Romani_people "Portal:Romani people") +- [WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people "Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people") + +- [v](/wiki/Template:Romani_people "Template:Romani people") +- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people "Template talk:Romani people") +- [e](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romani_people&action=edit) + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0525-0500-003,_Rheinland,_Sinti_und_Roma_mit_Wohnwagen_auf_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0525-0500-003,_Rheinland,_Sinti_und_Roma_mit_Wohnwagen_auf_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg "Enlarge") + +Romani Wagon in [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") in 1935 + +[](/wiki/File:Gypsy_wagon,_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Gypsy_wagon,_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg "Enlarge") + +Recent Romani wagon in [Grandborough](/wiki/Grandborough "Grandborough") +(Grandbourough Fields Road is a popular spot for travelling people) + +The **Romani** (also spelled **Romany**), or **Roma**, are an +[ethnicity](/wiki/Ethnicity "Ethnicity") of +[Indian](/wiki/India "India") origin, living mostly [in +Europe](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe "Ethnic groups in Europe") and the +[Americas](/wiki/Americas "Americas").^[[24]](#cite_note-24)^^[[25]](#cite_note-25)^ +Romani are widely known among Anglophonic people by the +[exonym](/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym "Exonym and endonym") +"**[Gypsies](//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gypsy "wikt:Gypsy")**" (or +**Gipsies**). + +Romani are [widely dispersed](/wiki/Romani_diaspora "Romani diaspora"), +with their largest concentrated populations in Europe—especially Central +and Eastern Europe and [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia"), +[Iberia](/wiki/Iberia "Iberia"), and Southern France. They originated in +India and arrived in [Mid-West Asia](/wiki/Western_Asia "Western Asia"), +then Europe, at least 1,000 years +ago,^[[26]](#cite_note-kenrick_intro-26)^ either separating from the +[Dom people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") or, at least, having a +similar history;^[[27]](#cite_note-What_is_Domari-27)^ the ancestors of +both the Romani and the Dom left [North +India](/wiki/North_India "North India") sometime between the sixth and +eleventh century.^[[26]](#cite_note-kenrick_intro-26)^ + +Since the nineteenth century, some Romani have also migrated to the +Americas. There are an estimated one million [Roma in the United +States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States");^[[4]](#cite_note-time-4)^ +and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the +nineteenth century from eastern Europe. Brazil also includes Romani +descended from people deported by the government of Portugal during the +Inquisition in the colonial era.^[[28]](#cite_note-28)^ In migrations +since the late nineteenth century, Romani have also moved to Canada and +countries in South America.^[[29]](#cite_note-29)^ + +The [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") is +divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of +speakers larger than two million.^[[30]](#cite_note-30)^ The total +number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as +large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of +the language current in their country of residence, or of [mixed +languages](/wiki/Mixed_language "Mixed language") combining the two; +those [varieties](/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) "Variety (linguistics)") +are sometimes called +[Para-Romani](/wiki/Para-Romani "Para-Romani").^[[31]](#cite_note-31)^ + +Contents +-------- + + [[hide](#)] + +- [1 Names](#Names) + - [1.1 Romani usage](#Romani_usage) + - [1.2 English usage](#English_usage) + - [1.3 Other designations](#Other_designations) + +- [2 Population and subgroups](#Population_and_subgroups) + - [2.1 Romani population](#Romani_population) + - [2.2 Romani subgroups](#Romani_subgroups) + +- [3 History](#History) + - [3.1 Origins](#Origins) + - [3.1.1 Shahnameh legend](#Shahnameh_legend) + - [3.1.2 Linguistic evidence](#Linguistic_evidence) + - [3.1.3 Genetic evidence](#Genetic_evidence) + - [3.1.4 Possible migration route](#Possible_migration_route) + + - [3.2 Arrival in Europe](#Arrival_in_Europe) + - [3.3 Early Modern history](#Early_Modern_history) + - [3.4 Modern history](#Modern_history) + - [3.4.1 World War II](#World_War_II) + - [3.4.2 Post-1945](#Post-1945) + +- [4 Society and traditional + culture](#Society_and_traditional_culture) + - [4.1 Belonging and exclusion](#Belonging_and_exclusion) + - [4.2 Religion](#Religion) + - [4.2.1 Beliefs](#Beliefs) + - [4.2.2 Deities and saints](#Deities_and_saints) + - [4.2.3 Ceremonies and practices](#Ceremonies_and_practices) + - [4.2.4 Balkans](#Balkans) + - [4.2.5 Other regions](#Other_regions) + + - [4.3 Music](#Music) + +- [5 Contemporary art and culture](#Contemporary_art_and_culture) +- [6 Language](#Language) +- [7 Persecutions](#Persecutions) + - [7.1 Historical persecution](#Historical_persecution) + - [7.2 Holocaust](#Holocaust) + - [7.3 Forced assimilation](#Forced_assimilation) + +- [8 Contemporary issues](#Contemporary_issues) + - [8.1 Forced repatriation](#Forced_repatriation) + +- [9 Fictional representations](#Fictional_representations) + - [9.1 In contemporary literature](#In_contemporary_literature) + +- [10 See also](#See_also) +- [11 References](#References) +- [12 External links](#External_links) + +Names[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Names")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Main article: [Names of the Romani +people](/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people "Names of the Romani people") + +### Romani usage[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Romani usage")] + +In the [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), *Rom* +is a masculine noun, meaning 'man of the Roma ethnic group' or 'man, +husband', with the plural *Roma*. The feminine of *Rom* in the Romani +language is *Romni*. However, in most cases, in other languages *Rom* is +now used for both a man and a woman.^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ + +*Romani* is the feminine adjective, while *romano* is the masculine +adjective. Some Romanies use *Rom* or *Roma* as an ethnic name, while +others (such as the [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti"), or the +[Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal")) do not use this term as a +self-ascription for the entire ethnic +group.^[[33]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XIX-33)^ + +Sometimes, *rom* and *romani* are spelled with a double *r*, i.e., +*rrom* and *rromani*. In this case *rr* is used to represent the phoneme +/ʀ/ (also written as *ř* and *rh*), which in some Romani dialects has +remained different from the one written with a single *r*. The *rr* +spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the [INALCO +Institute](/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales "Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales") +in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g. +[Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), in order to distinguish from the +[endonym](/wiki/Endonym "Endonym")/[homonym](/wiki/Homonym "Homonym") +for [Romanians](/wiki/Romanians "Romanians") (*sg. român, pl. +români*).^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^^[[34]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI-34)^ + +### English usage[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: English usage")] + +In the [English language](/wiki/English_language "English language") +(according to the [Oxford English +Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")), +*Rom* is a noun (with the plural *Roma* or *Roms*) and an adjective, +while *Romani* (*Romany*) is also a noun (with the plural *Romanies* or +*Romanis*) and an adjective. Both *Rom* and *Romani* have been in use in +English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. *Romani* was +initially spelled *Rommany*, then *Romany*, while today the *Romani* +spelling is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double *r* +spelling (e.g., *Rroma*, *Rromani*) mentioned above is also encountered +in English texts. + +The term *Roma* is increasingly encountered during recent +decades,^[[35]](#cite_note-35)^^[[36]](#cite_note-36)^ as a generic term +for the Romani +people.^[[37]](#cite_note-37)^^[[38]](#cite_note-Garner-38)^^[[39]](#cite_note-Dictionaryof2002-39)^^[[40]](#cite_note-40)^ + +Because all Romanies use the word *Romani* as an adjective, the term +began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic +group.^[[41]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XX-41)^ Today, the +term *Romani* is used by some organizations — including the [United +Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") and the US Library of +Congress.^[[34]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI-34)^ + +However, the [Council of +Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") and other +organizations consider that *Roma* is the correct term referring to all +related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend +that *Romani* be restricted to the language and culture: [Romani +language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), [Romani +culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture").^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ + +The standard assumption is that the [demonyms](/wiki/Demonym "Demonym") +of the Romani people, [Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people") and +[Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") share the same +origin.^[[42]](#cite_note-42)^^[[43]](#cite_note-43)^ + +### Other designations[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Other designations")] + +See also: [Gypsy (term)](/wiki/Gypsy_(term) "Gypsy (term)") + +The English term *Gypsy* (or *Gipsy*) originates from the [Middle +English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") *gypcian*, short for +*Egipcien*. It is ultimately derived from the Greek Αἰγύπτιοι +(*Aigyptioi*), meaning Egyptian, via [Middle +French](/wiki/Middle_French "Middle French") and +[Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"). This designation owes its existence to the +belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some related +group (such as the middle eastern [Dom +people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people")), were itinerant +Egyptians.^[[44]](#cite_note-Soulis-44)^^[[45]](#cite_note-White_1999-45)^ +According to one narrative they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for +allegedly harbouring the [infant +Jesus](/wiki/Child_Jesus "Child Jesus").^[[46]](#cite_note-Fraser1992-46)^ +As described in [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s novel +*[The Hunchback of Notre +Dame](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame")*, +the medieval French referred to the Romanies as *Egyptiens*. The word +*Gypsy* in [English](/wiki/English_Language "English Language") has +become so pervasive that many Romani organizations use it in their own +organizational names. + +This [exonym](/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym "Exonym and endonym") is +sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an +[ethnic +group](/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group").^[[47]](#cite_note-47)^ The +term 'Gypsy' appears when international research programmes, documents +and policies on the community are referred +to.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative +and stereotypical +associations.^[[38]](#cite_note-Garner-38)^^[[39]](#cite_note-Dictionaryof2002-39)^^[[48]](#cite_note-Thenew2007-48)^^[[49]](#cite_note-MerriamWebsterpocket1998-49)^^[[50]](#cite_note-Garner2009-50)^^[[51]](#cite_note-Baskin-51)^^[[52]](#cite_note-RomaReport-52)^ +The Council of Europe consider that 'Gypsy' or equivalent terms, as well +as administrative terms such as 'Gens du Voyage' (referring in fact to +an ethnic group but not acknowledging ethnic identification) are not in +line with European recommendations.^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ In +[North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"), the word *Gypsy* +is most commonly used as a reference to Romani +ethnicity,^[[53]](#cite_note-53)^ though lifestyle and fashion are at +times also referenced by using this word.^[[54]](#cite_note-54)^ + +Another common designation of the Romani people is *Cingane* (alt. +Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner) which probably derives from +*[Athinganoi](/wiki/Athinganoi "Athinganoi")*, the name of a Christian +sect with whom the Romani (or some related group) became associated with +in the Middle +Ages.^[[45]](#cite_note-White_1999-45)^^[[55]](#cite_note-Starr-55)^^[[56]](#cite_note-56)^^[[57]](#cite_note-57)^ +The Spanish term +*[gitano](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain")* and +the French term *gitan* have a more uncertain origin but could originate +from any of the two main designations mentioned above or their +conflation and corruption.^[[58]](#cite_note-58)^ + +Population and subgroups[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Population and subgroups")] +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +### Romani population[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Romani population")] + +Main article: [Romani +populations](/wiki/Romani_populations "Romani populations") + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + [](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) This article **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit) by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing/1"). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. *(August 2011)* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +For a variety of reasons, many Romanies choose not to register their +ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated four +million Romani people in Europe (as of 2002),^[[59]](#cite_note-59)^ +although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers as +high as 14 million.^[[60]](#cite_note-60)^ Significant Romani +populations are found in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans"), in some +Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. Several +million more Romanies may live out of Europe, in particular in the +Middle East and in the +Americas.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ + +[](/wiki/File:Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg "Enlarge") + +A tent of Romani nomads in +[Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary"), 19th century + +### Romani subgroups[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Romani subgroups")] + + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +  **This section may be [too long](/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies "Help:Section") and excessively detailed.** \ + Please consider summarizing the material while [citing sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE "Wikipedia:CITE") as needed. *(August 2014)* + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +As a result of the [caste system](/wiki/Caste_system "Caste system"), +inherited from India, and their movement on Asia, Europe, America and +Australia, many designations can be given to individual Roma groups. +^[[61]](#cite_note-61)^^[[62]](#cite_note-62)^ + +[](/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg "Enlarge") + +Interior of a gipsy's house in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") c. 1820, +by [Debret](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret "Jean-Baptiste Debret") + +[](/wiki/File:Emil_Volkers_Zigeunerlager_vor_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Emil_Volkers_Zigeunerlager_vor_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg "Enlarge") + +Camping gypsies near [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf"), +Germany, c. 1905, by Emil Volkers + +All-encompassing self-description is always +"Rom".^[[63]](#cite_note-63)^ Even when some groups are not using an +endonym "Roma", they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy +Roma-[Gadjo](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)").^[[64]](#cite_note-64)^ + +Other groups, using different endonyms are, for example: + +- [Finnish Kale](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale"), in + Finland;^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[66]](#cite_note-66)^ + the same endonym with Spanish Calé is probably a + coincidence.^[[67]](#cite_note-Milena_2003-67)^ +- [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Cal%C3%A9 "Calé"), mostly in Spain (see [Romani + people in + Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain"), also + known as *gitanos*), but also in Portugal (see [Romani people in + Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal "Romani people in Portugal"), + also known as + *ciganos*)^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[68]](#cite_note-rombase_cale-68)^ + ["Kala"](/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)#Etymology "Kāla (time)") or "kale" + means "black" in Sanskrit, neo-Indian languages and the Romani + language.^[[68]](#cite_note-rombase_cale-68)^ They use the word + "Kale" for their language, which is + para-Romani.^[[69]](#cite_note-69)^ For their language, see [Caló + language](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language "Caló language"). +- [Welsh Kale](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)"), + in Wales, originally from Spain ^[[70]](#cite_note-70)^ +- [Manush](/wiki/Romani_populations#France "Romani populations") in + France^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^ + They are a sub-group of Sinti.^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^ + The word "Manush" means "person" in + [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"), neo-Indian languages and the + Romani + language.^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^^[[72]](#cite_note-72)^ +- [Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal"), in the United + Kingdom,^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[67]](#cite_note-Milena_2003-67)^ + emigrated also to the [United + States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") + and + Australia^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +- [Romanisæl](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers"), + in Sweden and + Norway.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +- [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti"), in + [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany")^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[73]](#cite_note-rombase_sinti-73)^ + and [Northern Italy](/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy"). Sinti + do not speak of themselves as Roma, but they use "romanes" as a name + for their language.^[[73]](#cite_note-rombase_sinti-73)^ + +Other Romani sub-groups include: + +- Bashaldé^[[74]](#cite_note-74)^ +- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") (Lingurari, + [Ludar](/wiki/Ludar "Ludar"), Ludari, Rudari, or + Zlătari)^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ + from [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") words + for various crafts: *Lingurari* (spoon + makers),^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ + *Rudari* (wood crafters or miners)^[[75]](#cite_note-75)^ or + "băieşi" (miners); the semantic overlapping occurring due to the + [homophony](/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") of two different notions: + in [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language "Serbian language"), *ruda* + "ore", hence *rudar* "miner," and *ruda* "stick, staff, rod, bar, + pole" (in [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_language "Hungarian language") + [*rúd*](http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1), + and in [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") + [*rudă*](http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă), lemma no. 2) +- Churari^[[76]](#cite_note-76)^ +- Erlides (also *Yerlii* or *Arli*), in Greece +- [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash"), primarily from + [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), from which they spread into + [Bessarabia](/wiki/Bessarabia "Bessarabia") and + [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") +- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari"), from Hungary^[[77]](#cite_note-77)^ + - Machvaya, from Serbia^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ + +- Lalleri, from [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") and + [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), as well as western [Czech + Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic")("[Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland")"). +- Luri ^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ +- [Romungro](/wiki/Romungro "Romungro") + ([Modyar](/wiki/Modyar "Modyar") or [Modgar](/wiki/Modgar "Modgar")) + from Hungary and neighbouring + [Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains "Carpathian Mountains") + countries^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +- Ungaritza^[[79]](#cite_note-79)^ +- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") (bear-trainers; in + [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") *urs* + "bear")^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ +- [Muslim Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") (Horahane), living + [in Greece](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece "Romani people in Greece") + and [in + Turkey](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey "Romani people in Turkey")^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ +- *Zlătari*/*Aurari* (goldsmiths)^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ +- [Ashkali and Balkan + Egyptians](/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians "Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians"), + in the Balkans^[[80]](#cite_note-80)^ + +[](/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg "Enlarge") + +Two Romani women in Spain, by [Francisco +Iturrino](/wiki/Francisco_Iturrino "Francisco Iturrino") + +History[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: History")] +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Main article: [History of the Romani +people](/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people "History of the Romani people") + +### Origins[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Origins")] + +Findings suggest an [Indian](/wiki/India "India") origin for +Roma.^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ Because +Romani groups didn't keep chronicles of their history or have oral +accounts of it, most hypotheses about Romani's migration early history +are based on linguistic theory.^[[83]](#cite_note-83)^ There is also no +known record of a migration from India to Europe from medieval times +that can be connected indisputably to Roma.^[[84]](#cite_note-84)^ +However, the linguistic findings about their Indian origin have been +corroborated by genetic studies, carried out on a number of Romani +populations^[[85]](#cite_note-Gresham2001-85)^^[[86]](#cite_note-Isabel2012-86)^^[[87]](#cite_note-87)^ +Some genetic studies specifically link them to the [Jat +people](/wiki/Jat_people "Jat people") of modern-day northern India and +Pakistan.^[[88]](#cite_note-Jatt_mutation-88)^^[[89]](#cite_note-89)^^[[90]](#cite_note-radoc.net-90)^ + +#### Shahnameh legend[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Shahnameh legend")] + +[](/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Khamsa-c.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Khamsa-c.jpg "Enlarge") + +An illustration of "[Bahrām V Gōr](/wiki/Bahram_V "Bahram V") and the +Indian princess in the black pavilion." + +According to a legend reported in +*[Shahnameh](/wiki/Shahnameh "Shahnameh")* and repeated by several +modern authors, the [Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian "Sasanian") king [Bahrām V +Gōr](/wiki/Bahram_V "Bahram V") learned towards the end of his reign +(421–39) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and he asked the +king of India to send him ten thousand *luris*, men and women, lute +playing experts. When the luris arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox and +a donkey and a donkey-load of wheat so that they could live on +agriculture and play music gratuitously for the poor. But the luris ate +the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks +hollowed with hunger. The king was angered with their having wasted what +he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags on their asses and +go wandering around the world.^[[91]](#cite_note-GYPSY_i-91)^ + +#### Linguistic evidence[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Linguistic evidence")] + +The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani +language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of +Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, +for example, body parts or daily +routines.^[[92]](#cite_note-mluvnice-92)^ + +More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and +[Punjabi](/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language"). It shares many +phonetic features with +[Marwari](/wiki/Marwari_(language) "Marwari (language)"), while its +grammar is closest to +[Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language").^[[93]](#cite_note-hub1995-93)^ + +Romani and [Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") share some +similarities: agglutination of postpositions of the second Layer (or +case marking clitics) to the nominal stem, concordmarkers for the past +tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use +of the oblique case as an +accusative.^[[94]](#cite_note-mat2002_domari-94)^^[[95]](#cite_note-95)^ +This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these +two languages. [Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") was +once thought to be the "sister language" of Romani, the two languages +having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more +recent research suggests that the differences between them are +significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the +[Central zone](/wiki/Central_zone "Central zone") +([Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language "Hindustani language")) group of +languages. The Dom and the Rom therefore likely descend from two +different migration waves out of India, separated by several +centuries.^[[27]](#cite_note-What_is_Domari-27)^^[[96]](#cite_note-ROMANI_ORIGINS-96)^ + +[Numerals](/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics) "Numeral (linguistics)") in the +[Romani](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), +[Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") and +[Lomavren](/wiki/Lomavren "Lomavren") languages, with +[Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") and +[Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") forms for +comparison.^[[97]](#cite_note-97)^ Note that Romani 7–9 are borrowed +from Greek. + +Hindi + +Romani + +Domari + +Lomavren + +Persian + +1 + +ek + +ekh, jekh + +yika + +yak, yek + +yak, yek + +2 + +do + +duj + +dī + +lui + +du, do + +3 + +tīn + +trin + +tærən + +tərin + +se + +4 + +cār + +štar + +štar + +išdör + +čahār + +5 + +pāñc + +pandž + +pandž + +pendž + +pandž + +6 + +che + +šov + +šaš + +šeš + +šaš, šeš + +7 + +sāt + +ifta + +xaut + +haft + +haft + +8 + +āţh + +oxto + +xaišt + +hašt + +hašt + +9 + +nau + +inja + +na + +nu + +nuh, noh + +10 + +das + +deš + +des + +las + +dah + +20 + +bīs + +biš + +wīs + +vist + +bist + +100 + +sau + +šel + +saj + +saj + +sad + +#### Genetic evidence[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Genetic evidence")] + +Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwest +[India](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") and migrated as a +group.^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^^[[98]](#cite_note-98)^ +According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled +tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally +referred to collectively as the [Ḍoma](/wiki/%E1%B8%8Coma "Ḍoma"), are +the likely ancestral populations of modern European +Roma.^[[99]](#cite_note-99)^ In December 2012, additional findings +appeared to confirm the "Roma came from a single group that left +northwestern India about 1,500 years +ago.^[*[dubious](/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Disputed statement")\\ –\\ [discuss](/wiki/Talk:Romani_people#Dubious "Talk:Romani people")*]^"^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ +They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago, and then spread throughout +Europe. The team found that, despite some isolation, the Roma were +"genetically similar to other +Europeans."^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ +Contemporary populations suggested as sharing a close relationship to +the Romani are the [Dom people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") of +Western Asia and North Africa, and the +[Banjara](/wiki/Banjara "Banjara") of India.^[[100]](#cite_note-100)^ + +Genetic evidence supports the mediaeval migration from India. The Romani +have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder +populations",^[[101]](#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-101)^ while a number +of common +[Mendelian](/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans "List of Mendelian traits in humans") +disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin +and [founder +effect](/wiki/Founder_effect "Founder effect")".^[[101]](#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-101)^^[[102]](#cite_note-102)^ +A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of +related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting +from a distinct caste or tribal +group".^[[103]](#cite_note-David_Gresham-103)^ The same study found that +"a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for +almost one-third of Romani +males."^[[103]](#cite_note-David_Gresham-103)^ A 2004 study by Morar et +al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately +32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events +occurring approximately 16–25 generations +ago".^[[104]](#cite_note-Bharti_Morar-104)^ The discovery in 2009 of the +"Jat mutation" that causes a type of +[glaucoma](/wiki/Glaucoma "Glaucoma") in Romani populations suggests +that the Romani people are the descendants of the [Jat +people](/wiki/Jat_people "Jat people") found in the [Indian +subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").^[[88]](#cite_note-Jatt_mutation-88)^^[[105]](#cite_note-105)^ +This relation to Jats had earlier been suggested by [Michael Jan de +Goeje](/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje "Michael Jan de Goeje") in +1883.^[[106]](#cite_note-106)^ The 2009 glaucoma study, however, +contradicts an earlier study that compared the most common haplotypes +found in Romani groups with those found in Jat Sikhs and Jats from +Haryana and found no matches.^[[107]](#cite_note-107)^ + +#### Possible migration route[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Possible migration route")] + +They may have emerged from the modern Indian state of +[Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan"),^[[108]](#cite_note-108)^ +migrating to the northwest (the [Punjab +region](/wiki/Punjab_region "Punjab region"), +[Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") and +[Baluchistan](/wiki/Baluchistan "Baluchistan") of the [Indian +subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent")) around +250 BC. In the centuries spent here, there may have been close +interaction with these established groups such as the +[Rajputs](/wiki/Rajputs "Rajputs") and the [Jats](/wiki/Jats "Jats"). +Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed +to have occurred beginning in about AD +500.^[*[dubious](/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Disputed statement")\\ –\\ [discuss](/wiki/Talk:Romani_people#Dubious "Talk:Romani people")*]^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ +It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken +place in the context of the raids by [Mahmud of +Ghazni](/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni "Mahmud of Ghazni").^[[109]](#cite_note-109)^ +As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their +families into the [Byzantine +Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire"). The 11th century +*[terminus post quem](/wiki/Terminus_post_quem "Terminus post quem")* is +due to the Romani language showing unambiguous features of the [Modern +Indo-Aryan](/wiki/Modern_Indo-Aryan "Modern Indo-Aryan") +languages,^[[110]](#cite_note-110)^ precluding an emigration during the +[Middle Indic](/wiki/Middle_Indic "Middle Indic") period. + +[](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg "Enlarge") + +The migration of the Romanies through the [Middle +East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and [Northern +Africa](/wiki/Northern_Africa "Northern Africa") to Europe + +### Arrival in Europe[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Arrival in Europe")] + +Though according to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans +as early as the 12th century,^[[111]](#cite_note-111)^ the first +historical records of the Romani reaching south-eastern Europe are from +the 14th century: in 1322, an Irish +[Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") monk, [Symon +Semeonis](/wiki/Symon_Semeonis "Symon Semeonis") encountered a migrant +group, "the descendants of [Cain](/wiki/Cain "Cain")", outside the town +of [Heraklion](/wiki/Heraklion "Heraklion") (Candia), in +[Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"). Symon's account is probably the earliest +surviving description by a Western chronicler of the Romani people in +Europe. In 1350, [Ludolphus](/wiki/Ludolphus "Ludolphus") of +[Sudheim](/wiki/Sudheim "Sudheim") mentioned a similar people with a +unique language whom he called *Mandapolos*, a word which some theorize +was derived from the Greek word *mantes* (meaning prophet or fortune +teller).^[[112]](#cite_note-112)^ Around 1360, a +[fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom "Fiefdom"), called the *[Feudum +Acinganorum](/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum "Feudum Acinganorum")* was +established in [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu "Corfu"), which mainly used Romani +serfs and to which the Romani on the island were +subservient.^[[113]](#cite_note-113)^^[[114]](#cite_note-114)^ By 1424, +they were recorded in +Germany;^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +and by the 16th century, Scotland and +Sweden.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +Some Romani migrated from [Persia](/wiki/Persia "Persia") through North +Africa,^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +reaching the [Iberian +Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") in the 15th +century.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +The two currents met in +France.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ + +[](/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg "Enlarge") + +First arrival of the Romanies outside [Bern](/wiki/Bern "Bern") in the +15th century, described by the chronicler as *getoufte heiden* +(“baptized heathens”) and drawn with dark skin and wearing +[Saracen](/wiki/Saracen "Saracen")-style clothing and weapons ([Spiezer +Schilling](/wiki/Spiezer_Schilling "Spiezer Schilling"), p. 749) + +### Early Modern history[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Early Modern history")] + +[](/wiki/File:Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg "Enlarge") + +An 1852 [Wallachian](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") poster advertising an +auction of Romani slaves in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"). + +Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the +first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in +[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), they were issued safe conduct +by [Holy Roman Emperor +Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") +in 1417.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ Romanies were ordered expelled +from the [Meissen](/wiki/Meissen "Meissen") region of Germany in 1416, +[Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") in 1471, [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") +in 1493, [France](/wiki/France "France") in 1504, +[Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") in 1512, +[Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") in 1525, +[England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") in 1530 (see +[Egyptians Act 1530](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 "Egyptians Act 1530")), +and [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") in +1536.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ In 1510, any Romani found in +Switzerland were ordered to be put to death, with similar rules +established in England in 1554, and Denmark in 1589, whereas +[Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") began deportations of Romanies to +its colonies in 1538.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ + +Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanies special privileges +that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683. +[Catherine the Great of +Russia](/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia "Catherine II of Russia") declared +the Romanies "crown slaves" (a status superior to +[serfs](/wiki/Serfs "Serfs")), but also kept them out of certain parts +of [the +capital](/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia "St. Petersburg, Russia").^[[116]](#cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387.E2.80.93388-116)^ +In 1595, [Ştefan Răzvan](/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_R%C4%83zvan "Ştefan Răzvan") +overcame his birth into slavery, and became the +[Voivode](/wiki/Voivode "Voivode") +([Prince](/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers "List of Moldavian rulers")) of +[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia").^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ + +Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in +[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") and +[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia"), until +[abolition](/wiki/Abolitionism "Abolitionism") in 1856, the majority +were traveling as free nomads with their wagons, as it is resembled at +their flag.^[[117]](#cite_note-117)^ Elsewhere in Europe, they were +subject to [ethnic +cleansing](/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing "Ethnic cleansing"), abduction of +their children, and [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor"). +In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or +hanged; in France, they were branded and their heads were shaved; in +[Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia") and +[Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"), the women were marked by their ears +being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the +East, toward +[Poland](/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"), +which was more tolerant, and Russia, where the Romani were treated more +fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.^[[118]](#cite_note-118)^ + +### Modern history[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Modern history")] + +Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small +groups recorded in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") and [French +Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France) "Louisiana (New France)"). +Larger-scale [Roma emigration to the United +States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") +began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnaichal from [Great +Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"). The largest number +immigrated in the early 1900s, mainly from the Vlax group of +[Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash"). Many Romani also settled in +South America. + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg "Enlarge") + +[Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") and other Romani about to be deported from +Germany, May 22, 1940. + +#### World War II[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: World War II")] + +Main article: [Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos") + +During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the +[Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") and the +[Ustaša](/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a "Ustaša") embarked on a systematic +[genocide](/wiki/Genocide "Genocide") of the Romani, a process known in +Romani as the +*[Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos")*.^[[119]](#cite_note-Milton_estimates-119)^ +Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and +imprisonment in [concentration +camps](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp"). + +They were often killed on sight, especially by the +[Einsatzgruppen](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen "Einsatzgruppen") (mobile killing +units) on the Eastern Front.^[[120]](#cite_note-120)^ The total number +of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 to 1,500,000; +even the lowest number would make the Porajmos one of the largest mass +killings in history.^[[121]](#cite_note-hancock2005-121)^ + +#### Post-1945[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Post-1945")] + +In [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"), they were +labeled a "socially degraded stratum," and Romani women were sterilized +as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was +implemented with large financial incentives, threats of denying future +welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs +(Silverman 1995; [Helsinki Watch](/wiki/Helsinki_Watch "Helsinki Watch") +1991). + +An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report +(December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practiced +an assimilation policy towards Romanies, which "included efforts by +social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community". "The +problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, +either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said Czech Public +Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected +between 1973 and 1991.^[[122]](#cite_note-122)^ New cases were revealed +up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, +Sweden and Switzerland “all have histories of coercive sterilization of +minorities and other groups.” ^[[123]](#cite_note-123)^ + +Society and traditional culture[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Society and traditional culture")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Main article: [Romani society and +culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture") + +[](/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png) + +[](/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png "Enlarge") + +*A Gipsy Family*, facsimile of a woodcut in the +[*Cosmographia*](/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster) "Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)") +of [Sebastian Münster](/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster "Sebastian Münster") +(Basle, 1552) + +The traditional Romanies place a high value on the [extended +family](/wiki/Extended_family "Extended family"). +[Virginity](/wiki/Virginity "Virginity") is essential in unmarried +women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy +in several countries over the Romani practice of [child +marriage](/wiki/Child_marriage "Child marriage"). Romani law establishes +that the man's family must pay a [bride +price](/wiki/Bride_price "Bride price") to the bride's parents, but only +traditional families still follow this rule. + +Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job +is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs, as well as to take +care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani +household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men in +general have more authority than women. Women gain respect and authority +as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have +children. + +Romani [social behavior](/wiki/Social_behavior "Social behavior") is +strictly regulated by [Hindu purity +laws](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma")^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +("marime" or "marhime"), still respected by most Roma (and by most older +generations of [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti")). This regulation affects +many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people and things: +parts of [the human body](/wiki/Human_anatomy "Human anatomy") are +considered impure: the [genital organs](/wiki/Sex_organ "Sex organ") +(because they produce emissions), as well as the rest of the lower body. +Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of +[menstruating](/wiki/Menstruation "Menstruation") women, are washed +separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. +Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling +place. The mother is considered impure for forty days after giving +birth. + +Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, +who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of +[cremating](/wiki/Cremation "Cremation") the dead, Romani dead must be +buried.^[[124]](#cite_note-124)^ Cremation and burial are both known +from the time of the [Rigveda](/wiki/Rigveda "Rigveda"), and both are +widely practiced in [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") today +(although the tendency for Hindus groups is to burn, while some +communities in South India tend to bury their +dead).^[[125]](#cite_note-125)^ Some animals are also considered impure, +for instance cats because they lick their hindquarters. Horses, in +contrast, are not considered impure because they +cannot.^[[126]](#cite_note-126)^ + +### Belonging and exclusion[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Belonging and exclusion")] + +Main articles: [Romanipen](/wiki/Romanipen "Romanipen") and [Gadjo +(non-Romani)](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)") + +**Romanipen** (also *romanypen*, *romanipe*, *romanype*, *romanimos*, +*romaimos*, *romaniya*) is a complicated term of Romani philosophy that +means totality of the Romani spirit, [Romani +culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture"), +[Romani Law](/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court) "Kris (Romani court)"), being a +Romani, a set of Romani strains. + +An ethnic Romani is considered to be a [Gadjo +(non-Romani)](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)") in the +Romani [society](/wiki/Society "Society") if he has no Romanipen. +Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered to be a Romani if he has +Romanipen; usually this is an adopted child. As a concept, Romanipen has +been the subject of interest to numerous academic observers. It has been +hypothesized that it owes more to a [framework of +culture](/wiki/Cultural_framework "Cultural framework") rather than +simply an adherence to historically received +rules.^[[127]](#cite_note-127)^ + +### Religion[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Religion")] + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + [](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) This section **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit) by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing/1"). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. *(December 2012)* + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +[](/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg "Enlarge") + +Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage at +[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer](/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer "Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer") +in France, 1980s + +#### Beliefs[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Beliefs")] + +The ancestors of modern day Romani people were previously +[Hindu](/wiki/Hindu "Hindu"), but adopted +[Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") or +[Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") depending on their respective regions they +had migrated through.^[[128]](#cite_note-128)^ [Muslim +Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") are found in +[Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Bosnia and +Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina"), +[Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"), [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), +[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), [Republic of +Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia"), +[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") and form a very significant +proportion of the Romani people. + +#### Deities and saints[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Deities and saints")] + +[Blessed Ceferino Giménez +Malla](/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla "Ceferino Giménez Malla") is +considered a patron saint of the Romani people in Roman +Catholicism.^[[129]](#cite_note-129)^ [Saint +Sarah](/wiki/Saint_Sarah "Saint Sarah"), or Kali Sara, has also been +venerated as a patron saint in the same manner as the Blessed Ceferino +Giménez Malla, but a transition has occurred in the 21st century, +whereby [Kali](/wiki/Kali "Kali") Sara is understood as an Indian deity +brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people, thereby +removing any Christian association. Mother Goddess figurines have been +found in the excavations of the Indus Valley Civilisation in Mohenjo +Daro and Harappa, in the Sindh - Punjab - Haryana area [Some Romani +claim Punjab to be their original habitat], and Kali Mata [Mother Kali] +is still worshipped in India particularly by the Hindus. Therefore, +Saint Sarah is now progressively being considered as "a Romani Goddess, +the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother +India".^[[90]](#cite_note-radoc.net-90)^^[[130]](#cite_note-130)^ + +#### Ceremonies and practices[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Ceremonies and practices")] + +Romanies often adopt the dominant religion of their host country in the +event that a ceremony associated with a formal religious institution is +necessary, such as a baptism or funeral (their particular belief systems +and indigenous religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such +adoption processes). The Roma continue to practice +"[Shaktism](/wiki/Shaktism "Shaktism")", a practice with origins in +India, whereby a female consort is required for the worship of a god. +Adherence to this practice means that for the Roma who worship a +Christian God, prayer is conducted through the [Virgin +Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary"), or her mother, [Saint +Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne "Saint Anne")—Shaktism continues over one +thousand years after the people's separation from +India.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ + +Besides the Roma elders, who serve as spiritual leaders, priests, +churches, or bibles do not exist among the Romanies—the only exception +is the Pentecostal Roma.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ + +#### Balkans[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Balkans")] + +[](/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg "Enlarge") + +Costume of a Romani woman (most likely [Muslim +Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma")). + +For the Roma communities that have resided in the Balkans for numerous +centuries, often referred to as "Turkish Gypsies", the following +histories apply for religious beliefs: + +- Bulgaria + +In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Islam is +the dominant faith among Romani people; however in the independent +Bulgarian state, a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity +among Romani people has occurred. In southwestern Bulgaria (Pirin +Macedonia), Islam is also the dominant religion among Romani people, +with a smaller section of the Romani population, declaring themselves as +“Turks”, continuing to mix ethnicity with +Islam.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +- Romania + +According to the [2002 +census](/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania "Demographic history of Romania"), +the majority of Romani minority living in Romania are [Orthodox +Christians](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church "Romanian Orthodox Church"), +while 6.4% are +[Pentecostals](/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania "Pentecostal Union of Romania"), +3.8% [Roman +Catholics](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Romania "Roman Catholicism in Romania"), +3% +[Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania "Reformed Church in Romania"), +1.1% [Greek +Catholics](/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic "Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic"), +0.9% +[Baptists](/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Romania "Baptist Union of Romania"), +0.8% [Seventh-Day +Adventists](/wiki/Romanian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists "Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists").^[[133]](#cite_note-133)^ +In [Dobruja](/wiki/Dobruja "Dobruja"), there is a small community that +are [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_Romania "Islam in Romania") and also speak +Turkish.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +- Greece + +The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, +Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and +Aegean Macedonia are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs +held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of +Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent +population exchange between Turkey and +Greece.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +[](/wiki/File:Bosnian_Gypsies.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Bosnian_Gypsies.jpg "Enlarge") + +Muslim Romanies in [Bosnia and +Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") +(around 1900) + +- Albania + +The majority of Albania's Roma people are +Muslims.^[[134]](#cite_note-134)^ + +- Macedonia + +The majority of Roma people are followers of +[Islam](/wiki/Islam_in_Macedonia "Islam in Macedonia").^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +- Serbia + +Most Roma people in Serbia are Orthodox Christian, but there are some +Muslim Roma in Southern Serbia, mainly refugees from Kosovo. + +- Kosovo + +The vast majority of the Roma population in what has become Kosovo is +Muslim.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro + +Islam is the dominant religion amongst the +Roma.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +- Croatia + +Following the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), a +large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia (the majority moving +from Kosovo).^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +#### Other regions[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Other regions")] + +[](/wiki/File:Weingarten_Fastnacht_1910_Zigeuner.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Weingarten_Fastnacht_1910_Zigeuner.jpg "Enlarge") + +Gypsys in Germany, 1910 + +In Ukraine and Russia the Roma populations are also Muslim as the +families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their +ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th +centuries, but then migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the +Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that +these communities align themselves with and the people are recognized +for their [staunch](//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/staunch "wikt:staunch") +preservation of the Romani language and +identity.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ + +Most Eastern European Romanies are [Roman +Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism"), [Eastern +Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"), or +[Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim").^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +Those in Western Europe and the [United +States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") are +mostly Roman Catholic or [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant")—in +southern Spain, many Romanies are +[Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism "Pentecostalism"), but this is a +small minority that has emerged in contemporary +times.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ In Egypt, the Romanies are split +into Christian and Muslim +populations.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ + +### Music[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Music")] + +Main article: [Romani music](/wiki/Romani_music "Romani music") + +[](/wiki/File:Romungro.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Romungro.jpg "Enlarge") + +Young Hungarian Romani performing a traditional dance + +Romani music plays an important role in Central and Eastern European +countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, +Bulgaria, the [Republic of +Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_(country) "Macedonia (country)"), Albania, +Hungary, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices +of Romani musicians have influenced European [classical +composers](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers "List of classical music composers") +such as [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt") and [Johannes +Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"). The +*[lăutari](/wiki/L%C4%83utari "Lăutari")* who perform at traditional +Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani. + +Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in +the *lăutari* tradition are [Taraful +Haiducilor](/wiki/Taraful_Haiducilor "Taraful Haiducilor"). Bulgaria's +popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani +musicians such as [Ivo Papasov](/wiki/Ivo_Papasov "Ivo Papasov"), a +virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian +pop-folk singer [Azis](/wiki/Azis "Azis"). + +Many famous classical musicians, such as the Hungarian pianist [Georges +Cziffra](/wiki/Georges_Cziffra "Georges Cziffra"), are Romani, as are +many prominent performers of [manele](/wiki/Manele "Manele"). [Zdob şi +Zdub](/wiki/Zdob_%C5%9Fi_Zdub "Zdob şi Zdub"), one of the most prominent +rock bands in [Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova"), although not Romanies +themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do [Spitalul de +Urgenţă](/wiki/Spitalul_de_Urgen%C5%A3%C4%83 "Spitalul de Urgenţă") in +Romania, [Shantel](/wiki/Shantel "Shantel") in Germany, [Goran +Bregović](/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87 "Goran Bregović") in Serbia, [Darko +Rundek](/wiki/Darko_Rundek "Darko Rundek") in Croatia, +[Beirut](/wiki/Beirut_(band) "Beirut (band)") and [Gogol +Bordello](/wiki/Gogol_Bordello "Gogol Bordello") in the United States. + +Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani [brass +band](/wiki/Brass_band "Brass band"), with such notable practitioners as +[Boban Marković](/wiki/Boban_Markovi%C4%87 "Boban Marković") of Serbia, +and the brass *lăutari* groups [Fanfare +Ciocărlia](/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia "Fanfare Ciocărlia") and +[Fanfare din +Cozmesti](/w/index.php?title=Fanfare_din_Cozmesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fanfare din Cozmesti (page does not exist)") +of Romania. + +Many musical instruments like violins and guitars are said to have +originated from the Romani. Many dances such as the flamenco of Spain +and Oriental dances of Egypt are also said to have originated from them. + +The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced +[bolero](/wiki/Bolero "Bolero"), [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"), and +[flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") (especially *[cante +jondo](/wiki/Cante_jondo "Cante jondo")*) in Europe. European-style +[gypsy jazz](/wiki/Gypsy_jazz "Gypsy jazz") ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti +jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the +Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist +[Django Reinhardt](/wiki/Django_Reinhardt "Django Reinhardt"). +Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include +[Stochelo Rosenberg](/wiki/Stochelo_Rosenberg "Stochelo Rosenberg"), +[Biréli Lagrène](/wiki/Bir%C3%A9li_Lagr%C3%A8ne "Biréli Lagrène"), +[Jimmy Rosenberg](/wiki/Jimmy_Rosenberg "Jimmy Rosenberg"), [Paulus +Schäfer](/wiki/Paulus_Sch%C3%A4fer "Paulus Schäfer") and [Tchavolo +Schmitt](/wiki/Tchavolo_Schmitt "Tchavolo Schmitt"). + +The Romanies of Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and +local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. +Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the +[darbuka](/wiki/Goblet_drum "Goblet drum"), +[gırnata](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") and +[cümbüş](/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F "Cümbüş").^[[135]](#cite_note-family-135)^ + +Contemporary art and culture[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Contemporary art and culture")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Main article: [Romani contemporary +art](/wiki/Romani_contemporary_art "Romani contemporary art") + +Language[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Language")] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Main article: [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") + +Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the [Romani +language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"),^[[136]](#cite_note-136)^^[*[not\\ in\\ citation\\ given](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*]^ +an [Indo-Aryan](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages "Indo-Aryan languages") +language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also will often speak the +languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also +incorporate [loanwords](/wiki/Loanword "Loanword") and +[calques](/wiki/Calque "Calque") into Romani from the languages of those +countries, especially words for terms that the Romani language does not +have. Most of the *Ciganos* of Portugal, the +[Gitanos](/wiki/Gitanos "Gitanos") of Spain, the +[Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") of the UK, and [Scandinavian +Travellers](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") +have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the +[mixed languages](/wiki/Mixed_language "Mixed language") +[Caló](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani) "Caló (Spanish Romani)"),^[[137]](#cite_note-137)^ +[Angloromany](/wiki/Angloromany "Angloromany"), and +[Scandoromani](/wiki/Scandoromani "Scandoromani"). + +Persecutions[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Persecutions")] +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Main article: [Antiziganism](/wiki/Antiziganism "Antiziganism") + +### Historical persecution[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Historical persecution")] + +One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the +enslaving of the Romanies. Slavery existed on the territory of +present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of +[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") and +[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") in 13th–14th century, until it +was [abolished](/wiki/Abolitionism "Abolitionism") in stages during the +1840s and 1850s.^[[138]](#cite_note-Achim-138)^ Legislation decreed that +all the Romanies living in these states, as well as any others who would +immigrate there, were slaves.^[[139]](#cite_note-139)^ Most of the +slaves were of +[Roma](/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania "Roma minority in Romania") +(Gypsy) ethnicity. + +The exact origins of +[slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania "Slavery in Romania") in the +[Danubian +Principalities](/wiki/Danubian_Principalities "Danubian Principalities") +are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani people came +to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or as slaves. Historian [Nicolae +Iorga](/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga "Nicolae Iorga") associated the Roma people's +arrival with the 1241 [Mongol invasion of +Europe](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe "Mongol invasion of Europe") and +considered their slavery as a vestige of that era, the +[Romanians](/wiki/Romanians "Romanians") taking the Roma from the +[Mongols](/wiki/Mongols "Mongols") as slaves and preserving their +status. Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured +during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners +may also have been taken from the +Mongols.^[[138]](#cite_note-Achim-138)^ While it is possible that some +Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, +the bulk of them came from south of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") +at the end of the 14th century, some time after the [foundation of +Wallachia](/wiki/Foundation_of_Wallachia "Foundation of Wallachia"). By +then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and +possibly in both principalities, but the arrival of the Roma made +slavery a widespread practice. The [Tatar](/wiki/Tatars "Tatars") +slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma +population.^[[140]](#cite_note-140)^ + +The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in +the 15th century was precipitated by the +[Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") conquest of the +Balkans. Although the Romanies themselves were refugees from the +conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were mistaken by the local +population in the West, because of their foreign appearance, as part of +the [Ottoman +invasion](/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe "Ottoman wars in Europe") (the +[German +Reichstags](/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#The_Reichstag_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire "Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)") +at Landau and Freiburg in 1496-1498 declared the Romanies as spies of +the Turks). In Western Europe, this resulted in a violent history of +persecution and attempts of ethnic cleansing until the modern era. As +time passed, other accusations were added against local Romanies +(accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), +like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together +with the local +[Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews").^[[141]](#cite_note-timeline-141)^ + +One example of official persecution of the Romani is exemplified by +[*The Great +Roundup*](/wiki/The_Great_Roundup_of_Gypsies_(1749) "The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)") +of [Spanish +Romanies](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") +(Gitanos) in 1749. The Spanish monarchy ordered a nationwide raid that +led to separation of families and placement of all able-bodied men into +forced labor camps. + +Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial +basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world (in +1885 the United States outlawed the entry of the Roma) and also in some +South American countries (in 1880 Argentina adopted a similar +policy).^[[141]](#cite_note-timeline-141)^ + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg "Enlarge") + +Deportation of Roma from [Asperg](/wiki/Asperg "Asperg"), Germany, 1940 +(photograph by the *[Rassenhygienische +Forschungsstelle](/w/index.php?title=Rassenhygienische_Forschungsstelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle (page does not exist)")*) + +### Holocaust[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Holocaust")] + +Main article: [Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos") + +The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in +the *Porajmos*, the genocide perpetrated by the +[Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis") during the +[Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust"). In 1935, the [Nuremberg +laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_laws "Nuremberg laws") stripped the Romani people +living in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") of their +citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, imprisonment +in [concentration camps](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp") +and later genocide in [extermination +camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp "Extermination camp"). The policy was +extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also +applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, +Romania and Hungary. + +Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is +impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. [Ian +Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock"), director of the Program of +Romani Studies at the [University of Texas at +Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin"), +proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of +between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by Sybil Milton, formerly senior +historian of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial +Museum.^[[142]](#cite_note-142)^ In Central Europe, the extermination in +the [Protectorate of Bohemia and +Moravia](/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia") +was so thorough that the [Bohemian +Romani](/wiki/Bohemian_Romani "Bohemian Romani") language became +extinct. + +### Forced assimilation[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Forced assimilation")] + +In the [Habsburg Monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy "Habsburg Monarchy") +under [Maria +Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria "Maria Theresa of Austria") +(1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to +[permanently settle](/wiki/Sedentism "Sedentism"), removed rights to +horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and +forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), +forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and +prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor [Josef +II](/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor") +prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the +Romani language, punishable by flogging.^[[143]](#cite_note-samer-143)^ + +In [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were +under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use +of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to +separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. Similar +prohibitions took place in 1783 under [King Charles +III](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain"), who prohibited +the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the [Calo +language](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani) "Caló (Spanish Romani)"), +Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades. The +use of the word *gitano* was also forbidden to further assimilation. +Ultimately these measures failed, as the rest of the population rejected +the integration of the +Gitanos.^[[143]](#cite_note-samer-143)^^[[144]](#cite_note-144)^ + +Other examples of forced assimilation include +[Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), where a law was passed in 1896 +permitting the state to remove children from their parents and place +them in state institutions.^[[145]](#cite_note-145)^ This resulted in +some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th +century.^[[146]](#cite_note-146)^ + +Contemporary issues[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Contemporary issues")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Roma estimate percentage of population in European +countries^[[147]](#cite_note-Roma-in-Europe-147)^ + +**Country** + +**Percent** + +[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") + + + +10.33% + +[Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") + + + +9.17% + +[Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") + + + +8.32% + +[Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") + + + +8.18% + +[Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") + + + +7.05% + +[Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") + + + +3.83% + +[Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania") + + + +3.18% + +[Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") + + + +2.95% + +[Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova") + + + +2.49% + +[Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") + + + +2.47% + +[Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") + + + +1.96% + +[Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") + + + +1.62% + +[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") + + + +1.47% + +[](/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png) + +[](/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png "Enlarge") + +Distribution of the Romani people in Europe (2007 [Council of +Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") "average +estimates", totalling 9.8 million)^[[148]](#cite_note-148)^ + +[](/wiki/File:Roma_settlement_at_Letanovsk%C3%BD_Mlyn.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Roma_settlement_at_Letanovsk%C3%BD_Mlyn.jpg "Enlarge") + +The [Romani +settlement](/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements "List of Romani settlements") +at Letanovský Mlyn, Slovakia + +Main article: [Modern +Antiziganism](/wiki/Modern_Antiziganism "Modern Antiziganism") + +Discrimination against the Romani people has continued to the present +day,^[[149]](#cite_note-149)^^[[150]](#cite_note-150)^ although efforts +are being made to address them.^[[151]](#cite_note-151)^ [Amnesty +International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") +reports continued instances of +[Antizigan](/wiki/Antiziganism "Antiziganism") discrimination during the +20th Century, particularly in Romania, Serbia,^[[152]](#cite_note-152)^ +[Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia"),^[[153]](#cite_note-153)^ +[Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"),^[[154]](#cite_note-154)^ +[Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia"),^[[155]](#cite_note-155)^ and +[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo").^[[156]](#cite_note-156)^ The European +Union has recognized that the discrimination the Romani people face +needs to be addressed and with the national Roma integration strategy +they are encouraging member states to work towards greater Romani +inclusion and upholding the [rights of the Romani in the European +union](/wiki/Rights_of_the_Roma_in_the_European_Union "Rights of the Roma in the European Union").^[[157]](#cite_note-157)^ + +The Romanis of Kosovo have been severely persecuted by ethnic Albanians +since the end of the [Kosovo War](/wiki/Kosovo_War "Kosovo War"), and +the region's Romani community is regarded to be for the most part +annihilated.^[[158]](#cite_note-158)^ + +Czechoslovakia carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, +starting in 1973.^[[159]](#cite_note-159)^ The dissidents of the +[Charter 77](/wiki/Charter_77 "Charter 77") denounced it in 1977-78 as a +[genocide](/wiki/Genocide "Genocide"), but the practice continued +through the [Velvet +Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution "Velvet Revolution") of +1989.^[[160]](#cite_note-160)^ A 2005 report by the Czech government's +independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of +coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal +investigations and possible prosecution against several health care +workers and administrators.^[[161]](#cite_note-161)^ + +In 2008, following the brutal rape and subsequent murder of an Italian +woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani +encampment,^[[162]](#cite_note-162)^ the Italian government declared +that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and +that swift action was required to address the *emergenza nomadi* (*nomad +emergency*).^[[163]](#cite_note-163)^ Specifically, officials in the +Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising +crime rates in urban areas. One police raid in 2007 freed many of the +children belonging to a Romani gang who used to steal by day, and who +were locked in a shed by night by members of the +gang.^[[164]](#cite_note-164)^ + +The 2008 [deaths of Cristina and Violetta +Djeordsevic](/wiki/Death_of_Cristina_and_Violetta_Djeordsevic "Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic"), +two Roma children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained +unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between +Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the state of play in 2012, one +Belgian magazine observed: + +> On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant +> proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable +> conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the +> only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In +> 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist +> parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, [Václav +> Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "Václav Havel") prophetically remarked +> that "the treatment of the Roma is a litmus test for democracy": and +> democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition +> to capitalism have been disastrous for the Roma. Under communism they +> had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many +> are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with +> impunity.^[[165]](#cite_note-MO_2012-165)^ + +### Forced repatriation[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Forced repatriation")] + +Main article: [French Romani +repatriation](/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation "French Romani repatriation") + +In the summer of 2010 French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal +Roma camps and began the [process of +repatriating](/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation "French Romani repatriation") +their residents to their countries of origin.^[[166]](#cite_note-166)^ +This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, +which had been heightened after French police opened fire and killed a +traveller who drove through a police checkpoint, hitting an officer, and +attempted to hit two more officers at another checkpoint. In retaliation +a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police +station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and +burned three cars.^[[167]](#cite_note-167)^^[[168]](#cite_note-168)^ The +French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to +pursue its political agenda.^[[169]](#cite_note-169)^ EU Justice +Commissioner [Viviane Reding](/wiki/Viviane_Reding "Viviane Reding") +stated that the [European +Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") should take +legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a +disgrace". Purportedly, a leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the +[Interior +Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France) "Minister of the Interior (France)") +to regional police chiefs included the instruction: "Three hundred camps +or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps +are a priority."^[[170]](#cite_note-170)^ + +Fictional representations[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Fictional representations")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +[](/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh-_The_Caravans_-_Gypsy_Camp_near_Arles.JPG) + +[](/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh-_The_Caravans_-_Gypsy_Camp_near_Arles.JPG "Enlarge") + +[Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh"): *The +Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles* (1888, oil on canvas) + +Main article: [Fictional representations of Romani +people](/wiki/Fictional_representations_of_Romani_people "Fictional representations of Romani people") + +Many fictional depictions of Romani people in literature and art present +romanticized narratives of their supposed mystical powers of [fortune +telling](/wiki/Fortune_telling "Fortune telling") or their supposed +irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of +freedom and a habit of criminality. Particularly notable are classics +like the story *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_(novella) "Carmen (novella)")* by +[Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e "Prosper Mérimée") and +the [opera based on it](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen") by [Georges +Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet"), [Victor +Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s *[The Hunchback of Notre +Dame](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame")*, +[Herge](/wiki/Herge "Herge")'s *[The Castafiore +Emerald](/wiki/The_Castafiore_Emerald "The Castafiore Emerald")* and +[Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes")' +*La Gitanilla*. + +The Romani were also heavily romanticized in the [Soviet +Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), a classic example being the +1975 *[Tabor ukhodit v +Nebo](/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gypsies "Queen of the Gypsies")*. A more +realistic depiction of contemporary [Romani in the +Balkans](/wiki/Romani_in_the_Balkans "Romani in the Balkans"), featuring +Romani lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although still +playing with established clichés of a Romani penchant for both magic and +crime, was presented by [Emir +Kusturica](/wiki/Emir_Kusturica "Emir Kusturica") in his *[Time of the +Gypsies](/wiki/Time_of_the_Gypsies "Time of the Gypsies")* (1988) and +*[Black Cat, White +Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat,_White_Cat "Black Cat, White Cat")* (1998). The +films of [Tony Gatlif](/wiki/Tony_Gatlif "Tony Gatlif"), a French +director of Romani ethnicity, like *Les Princes* (1983), *[Latcho +Drom](/wiki/Latcho_Drom "Latcho Drom")* (1993) and *[Gadjo +Dilo](/w/index.php?title=Gadjo_Dilo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gadjo Dilo (page does not exist)")* +(1997) also portray gypsy life. + +[](/wiki/File:Carmen_(Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra)_(4568143185).jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg) + +[](/wiki/File:Time_of_the_Gypsies.jpg) + +[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_(novella) "Carmen (novella)"), +[Esmeralda](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame") +and [Time of the +Gypsies](/wiki/Time_of_the_Gypsies "Time of the Gypsies") + +### In contemporary literature[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: In contemporary literature")] + +The Romani ethnicity is often used for characters in contemporary +fantasy literature. In such literature, the Romani are often portrayed +as possessing archaic occult knowledge passed down through the ages. +This frequent use of the ethnicity has given rise to 'gypsy archetypes' +in popular contemporary +literature.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ +A UK example is the Freya Trilogy by [Elizabeth +Arnold](/wiki/Elizabeth_Arnold_(children%27s_writer) "Elizabeth Arnold (children's writer)"). + +See also[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: See also")] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + [](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg) [Romani people portal](/wiki/Portal:Romani_people "Portal:Romani people") + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + ++--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ +| - [Antiziganism] | - [Rajasthani | General | Lists | +| (/wiki/Antiziganis | people](/wiki/ | - [Nomadic | - [List of | +| m "Antiziganism") | Rajasthani_people | peoples of | Romani | +| - [Balkan | "Rajasthani people | Europe](/wiki/ | groups](/wiki/ | +| Egyptians and | ") | Nomadic_peoples_of | List_of_Romani_gro | +| the | - [Romani people | _Europe "Nomadic p | ups "List of Roman | +| Ashkali](/wiki | by | eoples of Europe") | i groups") | +| /Balkan_Egyptians | country](/wiki | - [Nomadic | - [List of | +| "Balkan Egyptians" | /Romani_people_by_ | tribes in | Romani | +| ) | country "Romani pe | India](/wiki/N | people](/wiki/ | +| | ople by country") | omadic_tribes_in_I | List_of_Romani_peo | +| - [Dom | - [Timeline of | ndia "Nomadic trib | ple "List of Roman | +| people](/wiki/ | Romani | es in India") | i people") | +| Dom_people "Dom pe | history](/wiki | | - [List of | +| ople") | /Timeline_of_Roman | Advocacy | Romani | +| - [Great Gypsy | i_history "Timelin | - [Decade of | settlements](/ | +| Round-up](/wik | e of Romani histor | Roma | wiki/List_of_Roman | +| i/Great_Gypsy_Roun | y") | Inclusion](/wi | i_settlements "Lis | +| d-up "Great Gypsy | - [Origin of the | ki/Decade_of_Roma_ | t of Romani settle | +| Round-up") | Romani | Inclusion "Decade | ments") | +| - [King of the | people](/wiki/ | of Roma Inclusion" | | +| Gypsies](/wiki | Origin_of_the_Roma | ) | | +| /King_of_the_Gypsi | ni_people "Origin | - [European Roma | | +| es "King of the Gy | of the Romani peop | Rights | | +| psies") | le") | Centre](/wiki/ | | +| - [R. v. | - [Zott](/wiki/Z | European_Roma_Righ | | +| Krymowski](/wi | ott "Zott") | ts_Centre "Europea | | +| ki/R._v._Krymowski | | n Roma Rights Cent | | +| "R. v. Krymowski" | | re") | | +| ) | | - [Gypsy Lore | | +| - [List of | | Society](/wiki | | +| Romani | | /Gypsy_Lore_Societ | | +| people](/wiki/ | | y "Gypsy Lore Soci | | +| List_of_Romani_peo | | ety") | | +| ple "List of Roman | | - [International | | +| i people") | | Romani | | +| - [Lom | | Union](/wiki/I | | +| people](/wiki/ | | nternational_Roman | | +| Lom_people "Lom pe | | i_Union "Internati | | +| ople") | | onal Romani Union" | | +| - [Lyuli](/wiki/ | | ) | | +| Lyuli "Lyuli") | | | | ++--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ + +References[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")] +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Notes + +1. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-1)** + ["Rom"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/250432/Rom). + Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "According to + [Encyclopaedia + Britannica](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica "Encyclopaedia Britannica"), + estimates of the total world Romani population range from two + million to five million." +2. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Online + version"](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy). + Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: + Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL + International. [Ian Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock")'s 1987 + estimate for "all Gypsies in the world" was 6 to 11 million." +3. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-3)** ["EU demands action to tackle Roma + poverty"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975). *BBC + News*. 2011-04-05. +4. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-time_4-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-time_4-1) Webley, Kayla (October 13, 2010). + ["Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low + Profile"](http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html). + *Time*. "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at + about one million." +5. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-5)** The Special Secretariat for the + Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" + (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 + [IBGE](/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics "Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics") + Brazilian National Census encountered gypsy camps in 291 of Brazil's + 5,565 municipalities.["Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é + desafio para o + governo"](http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html). + R7. 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-22. +6. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-6)** ["The Situation of Roma in + Spain"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf) + (PDF). Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from [the + original](http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf) + on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "The Spanish government + estimates the number of *Gitanos* at a maximum of 650,000." +7. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Rezultatele finale ale + Recensământului din 2011 - Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – + judeţe, municipii, oraşe, + comune"](http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls) + (in Romanian). [National Institute of Statistics + (Romania)](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania) "National Institute of Statistics (Romania)"). + 5 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013. However, various + organizations claim that there are 2 million Romanis in Romania. See + [[1]](http://www.gandul.info/news/recensamant-2011-doua-treimi-dintre-romi-se-declara-romani-700-000-2-000-000-3-000-000-cati-romi-traiesc-in-romania-8883047) +8. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Turkey_8-0)** ["Roma rights organizations + work to ease prejudice in + Turkey"](http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46ef87ab32.html). + EurasiaNet. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "There are + officially about 500,000 Roma in Turkey." +9. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Situation of Roma in France at + crisis + proportions"](http://www.euractiv.com/en/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507). + EurActiv Network. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "The Romani + population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000." +10. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Population By Districts And Ethnic + Group As Of 01.03.2001"](http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Ethnos.htm). + 05.01.2004. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Census 2001 in Bulgaria: 370,908 + Roma" Check date values in: + `|date=`{style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"} + ([help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date "Help:CS1 errors")) +11. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Population by national/ethnic + groups"](http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/4/load01_11_0.html). + Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Census + 2001 in Hungary: 205,720 Roma/Bea" +12. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-12)** ["The Romani population in Greece is + officially estimated at + 200,000"](http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id=99). Hellenic + Republic National Commission For Human Rights. Retrieved 2010-09-15. + "Census 2001 in Hungary: 205,720 Roma/Bea" +13. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-13)** [Census 2001 in + Slovakia](http://sodb.infostat.sk/scitanie/eng/2001/format.htm) +14. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-14)** ["National Composition Of Population + And Citizenship"](http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-1.xls) + (Excel). perepis2002.ru. Retrieved 2010-09-16. "Census 2002 in + Russia: 182,766 Roma." +15. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-15)** + [http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija\_Knjiga1.pdf](http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf) +16. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-16)** [Demographics of + Italy\#Languages](/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy#Languages "Demographics of Italy") + Estimated by *Ministero degli Interni del Governo Italiano.* +17. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-17)** + [[2]](http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html) + Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung: Roma in Deutschland +18. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-18)** + [[3]](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme) + Ethnologue.com +19. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-19)** ["The 2002-census reported 53,879 + Roma and 3,843 + 'Egyptians'"](http://www.stat.gov.mk/english/glavna_eng.asp?br=18). + Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office. Retrieved + 2010-09-17. +20. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Catemaco + gypsies"](http://www.catemaco.info/5a/catemaco/hungaros.html). + Catemaco.info. Retrieved 2013-03-12. +21. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-21)** [Sametingen. Information about + minorities in Sweden](http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013) + (Swedish) +22. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-22)** [State statistics committee of + Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 + census](http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5) + (Ukrainian) +23. \^ [Jump up to: + ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-2) + Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily + Life: Vol. 4 - Europe. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications + Development (1998); pp. 316, 318 : "Religion: An underlay of + Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host + country religion) "; "Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. + Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a + 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', + the worship of a god through his female consort... " +24. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-24)** Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*How Indian + are Romanies, p. + XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20#v=onepage&q=Indian&f=false). + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). + Retrieved 2014-03-12. "While a nine century' removal from India has + diluted Indian biological cconnection to the extent that for some + Romanian groups, it may be hardy representative today, Sarren + (1976:72) concluded that, we still remain together, genetically, to + Asian than European around us;" +25. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-25)** Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the + Romani People, p. + XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20#v=onepage&q&f=false). + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). + Retrieved 2008-07-31. "There are Romanies everywhere, even in China + or Singapore, but by far the greatest number live in Europe and in + North and South America." +26. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_intro_26-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_intro_26-1) Kenrick, Donald (2007). + *Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)* (2nd ed.). + Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. "The Gypsies, or Romanies, are an ethnic + group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue + about when and how they left India, but it is generally accepted + that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th + and 11th centuries, then crossed the Middle East and came into + Europe." +27. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-What_is_Domari_27-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-What_is_Domari_27-1) Professor Yaron Matras + (December 2012). + ["Domari"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/21_domari.shtml). + *[romani] project*. School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures + The University of Manchester. Retrieved 26 December 2012. "The two + were once thought to be ‘sister languages’ which split after leaving + the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the + differences between them are much older. The Dom and the Rom are + therefore more likely to be descendents of different migration + waves, sharing primarily a caste-identity, but not necessarily a + language. There are however some remarkable similarities between + Romani and Domari, which appear to suggest a similar history." +28. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-28)** Corrêa Teixeira, Rodrigo. ["A + historia dos ciganos no + Brasil"](http://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf) + (PDF). Archived from [the + original](http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf) on + July 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29. +29. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-29)** Sutherland, Ann, "Gypsies: The Hidden + Americans", \# Waveland Press (July 1986)\# [ISBN + 0-88133-235-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881332356), \# [ISBN + 978-0-88133-235-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881332353) +30. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-30)** Yaron Matras (2002). [*Romani: A + Linguistic + Introduction*](http://books.google.com/books?id=D4IIi0Ha3V4C&pg=PA238&dq=number+speakers+of+Romani). + Cambridge University Press. p. 239. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-521-63165-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"). + Retrieved 2009-07-16. +31. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-31)** + ["Romani"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf) + (PDF). *Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics*. Oxford: Elsevier. + p. 1. Retrieved 2009-08-30. "In some regions of Europe, especially + the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia), + Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of + the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary + as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), + Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as + Para-Romani varieties." +32. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-words_32-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-words_32-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-words_32-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-words_32-3) [Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, + Travellers...The Correct Terminology about + Roma](http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma) + at In Other WORDS project - Web Observatory & Review for + Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction +33. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XIX_33-0)** + Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. + XIX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR19,M1). + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). + Retrieved 2008-07-31 . +34. \^ [Jump up to: + ^***a***^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI_34-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI_34-1) Hancock, + Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. + XXI*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR21,M1). + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). + Retrieved 2008-07-31 . +35. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-35)** p. 52 in Elena Marushiakova and + Vesselin Popov's "Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, + Roma, Sinti" in Will Guy [ed.] Between Past and Future: The Roma of + Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock], + 2001, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press. +36. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-36)** p. 13 in Illona Klimova-Alexander's + The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State + Actors (2005, Burlington, VT.: Ashgate). +37. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-37)** Xavier Rothéa. ["Les Roms, une nation + sans + territoire?"](http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html) + (in French). Retrieved 2008-07-31. +38. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Garner_38-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Garner_38-1) Bryan A. Garner (2011). + [*Garner's Dictionary of Legal + Usage*](http://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400). + Oxford University Press. pp. 400–. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-19-538420-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8"). +39. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Dictionaryof2002_39-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Dictionaryof2002_39-1) Guido Bolaffi (2003). + [*Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and + Culture*](http://books.google.com/books?id=Tlc5lTCfuXwC&pg=PA291). + SAGE Publications. pp. 291–. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-7619-6900-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6900-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6900-6"). +40. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-40)** O'Nions, Helen (2007). [*Minority + rights protection in international law: the Roma of + Europe*](http://books.google.com/?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6&dq=%22In+Eastern+Europe+the+term+Rom+is+clearly+preferred%22#v=onepage&q=%22In%20Eastern%20Europe%20the%20term%20Rom%20is%20clearly%20preferred%22&f=false). + Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 6. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [9781409490920](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409490920 "Special:BookSources/9781409490920"). +41. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XX_41-0)** + Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. + XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR20,M1). + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). + Retrieved 2008-07-31 . +42. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-42)** ["Dom: The Gypsy community in + Jerusalem"](http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml). The Institute + for Middle East Understanding. February 13, 2007. Retrieved + 2010-09-17. +43. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-43)** *Douglas Harper* (February 13, 2007). + ["Etymology of + Romani"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Romany). Online + Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-09-17. +44. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Soulis_44-0)** Soulis, G. (1961). The + Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle + Ages. *Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Trustees for Harvard University*, 15, + 141-165. +45. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-White_1999_45-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-White_1999_45-1) White, Karin (1999). + ["Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and + fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine + empire"](http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html). + *Golden Horn* **7** (2). Retrieved 2007-08-26. +46. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Fraser1992_46-0)** Fraser 1992. +47. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-47)** Hancock, Ian (1995). *A Handbook of + Vlax Romani*. Slavica Publishers. p. 17. +48. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Thenew2007_48-0)** Terry Victor; Tom + Dalzell (1 December 2007). [*The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of + Slang and Unconventional + English*](http://books.google.com/books?id=GIuEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA314). + Routledge. pp. 314–. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-134-61534-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61534-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61534-6"). +49. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-MerriamWebsterpocket1998_49-0)** + *Merriam-Webster's pocket guide to English usage*. Springfield, MA: + Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. 178. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0877795142](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877795142 "Special:BookSources/0877795142"). +50. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Garner2009_50-0)** Bryan Garner (28 July + 2009). [*Garner's Modern American + Usage*](http://books.google.com/books?id=Sd3byNeBdR4C&pg=PT1740). + Oxford University Press. pp. 1740–. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-19-987462-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987462-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987462-0"). +51. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Baskin_51-0)** Baskin, [by] H.E. Wedeck + with the assistance of Wade. *Dictionary of gypsy life and lore*. + New York: Philosophical Library. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0806529857](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806529857 "Special:BookSources/0806529857"). +52. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-RomaReport_52-0)** [Report in Roma + Educational Needs in + Ireland](http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf) +53. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-53)** [American Heritage Dictionary of the + English Language, Fourth Edition, definition 1 and + 2](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy) +54. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-54)** [American Heritage Dictionary of the + English Language, Fourth Edition, definition 3 and + 4](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy) +55. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Starr_55-0)** Starr, J. (1936). An Eastern + Christian Sect: the Athinganoi. *Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Trustees for + Harvard University*, 29, 93-106. +56. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-56)** Bates, Karina. ["A Brief History of + the + Rom"](http://web.archive.org/web/20070810161445/http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html). + Archived from [the + original](http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html) on + 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-08-26. +57. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Book + Reviews"](http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf) + (PDF). *Population Studies* **48** (2): 365–372. July 1994. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1080/0032472031000147856](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0032472031000147856). +58. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-58)** + ["gitan"](http://www.academie-francaise.fr/dictionnaire/) (in + French). [Dictionnaire de l'Académie + française](/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française"). + Retrieved 2007-08-26. "Nom donné aux bohémiens d'Espagne ; par ext., + synonyme de Bohémien, Tzigane. Adjt. Une robe gitane." +59. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-59)** 3.8 million according to Pan and + Pfeil, *National Minorities in Europe* (2004), [ISBN + 978-3-7003-1443-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783700314431), p. 27f. +60. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-60)** [Council of + Europe](http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp) + compilation of population estimates +61. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-61)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – + Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The endless and + countless number of designations which were and still are given to + individual groups of Roma during the course of their extra-Indian + history is a result of the Indian archetype of caste + (kinship-professional) reproduction and, in addition, the movement + of the Roma to different political and ethno-linguistic milieus of + Asia, Europe, America and Australia." +62. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-62)** Horvátová, Jana (2002). [*Kapitoly z + dějin Romů* [*Chapters from Romani + history*]](http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf) + (in český). Praha: Lidové noviny. p. 12. "Mnohočetnost romských + skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních + indických kast a podkast. / The multitude of Roma groups is + apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and + subcastes." +63. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-63)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – + Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "A basic, probably the + most original and in its way all-inclusive autonymum is the ethnic + name (ethnonymum) Rom." +64. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-64)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – + Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Although today, Roma + living in various lands around the world use different "autonyma" + for their societies (Sinti, Kale, Manouche, etc.), all acknowledge a + common origin and basic identity with Roma. This is mainly so with + reference to the Rom-Gadžo (non-Rom) dichotomy." +65. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-3) + [^***e***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-4) Jurová, Anna (2003). + ["From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation + Measures"](http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf). + In Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom. *ČAČIPEN PAL + O ROMA - A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia* (Slovak Republic: + Institute for Public Affairs): 17. Retrieved September 7, 2013. "the + Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the + Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale + in Finland." +66. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-66)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – + Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Kale is an autonymous + term used by Roma in Finland." +67. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Milena_2003_67-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Milena_2003_67-1) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). + ["Roma – Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Spanish and Finnish Cale + / Kale probably have nothing in common; their identical autonymum is + a coincidence." +68. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_cale_68-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_cale_68-1) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). + ["Roma – Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The name Cale + (pronounced something like "Calley") in itself designates the Roma + of Spain. (...) this term, which means "black" (...)" +69. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-69)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – + Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The Spanish Cale use the + term Cale for their language. The Cale language is para-Romani" +70. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-70)** ["The Legend of the Romani Cymreig / + Welsh Romani"](http://www.valleystream.co.uk/romany-welsh%20.htm). + *Romani Cymru - Romany Wales Project*. ValleyStream Media. + 1980–2010. "The Kale, who became the Welsh Gypsies, probably came + from Spain, through France and landed in Cornwall, eventually making + their way to Wales." +71. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-2) Milena, Hübshmanová + (2003). ["Roma – Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "A sub-group of Sinti are + the Manouche. They live mainly in France. The etymology of the name + Manouche is Indian. The term manouche means a human being (in + Sanskrit, in neo-Indian languages and in Romani)." +72. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-72)** Jurová, Anna (2003). ["From Leaving + The Homeland to the First Assimilation + Measures"](http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf). + In Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom. *ČAČIPEN PAL + O ROMA - A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia* (Slovak Republic: + Institute for Public Affairs): 17. Retrieved September 7, 2013. "The + word “manush” is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means + man, while “Manusha” equals people. This word has the same form and + meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian + languages." +73. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_sinti_73-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_sinti_73-1) Milena, Hübshmanová + (2003). ["Roma – Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The autonymum Sinti + (pl.) (Sinto, m. sing.; Sintica, f. sing.) is used by members of an + important Roma society, the greatest number of whom live in Germany. + Hence, one of the exonymous terms for Sinti is "German Gypsies / + Roma". Although the Sinti do not speak of themselves as Roma, they + say they speak romanes." +74. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-74)** Teaching Tolerance. ["Romani + Diversity | Teaching + Tolerance"](http://www.tolerance.org/supplement/romani-diversity). + Tolerance.org. Retrieved 2013-12-10. +75. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-75)** *Dicţionarul etimologic român* (The + Etymological Dictionary of the Romanian language), quoted in + [DEX-online](http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar) (see + [lemma](/wiki/Lemma_(morphology) "Lemma (morphology)") *rudár, + rudári, s.m.* followed by both definitions: *gold miner" and "wood + crafter")* +76. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech + variety + \#16036)"](http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036). + Globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2013-12-10. +77. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Romani language and + alphabet"](http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm). + Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10. +78. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-3) + [^***e***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-4) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). + ["Roma – Sub Ethnic + Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names-list.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. +79. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-79)** + ["Culture"](http://www.middleeastgypsies.com/culture.html). + Middleeastgypsies.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10. +80. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-80)** [New Ethnic Identities in the + Balkans: The Case of the + Egyptians](http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2001/pas2001-05.pdf) +81. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-2) [Isabel Mendizabal and 21 others, + "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from + Genome-wide + Data"](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602), + *Current Biology*, Available online 6 December 2012, accessed 12 + December 2012 +82. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-3) [^***e***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-4) + "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India", *New York Times*, 11 + December 2012. Findings recently reported also in *Current Biology*. +83. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-83)** Milena Hübschmannová (2002). ["Origin + of + Roma"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml). + *ROMBASE*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Retrieved 3 September + 2013. +84. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-84)** Yaron Matras (2002). [*Romani: a + linguistic + introduction*](http://books.google.com/books?id=D4IIi0Ha3V4C&pg=PA238&dq=number+speakers+of+Romani). + Cambridge University Press. p. 14. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-521-63165-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"). + Retrieved 2009-07-16. "There is no known record of a migration from + India to Europe in medieval times that can be connected indisputably + with the ancestors of today’s Romani-speaking population." +85. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Gresham2001_85-0)** David Gresham and + others (December 2001). ["Origins and Divergence of the Roma + (Gypsies)"](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543/). + *The American Journal of Human Genetics* **69** (6): 1314–1331. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1086/324681](http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F324681). + [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). + [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1235543). +86. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Isabel2012_86-0)** [Isabel Mendizabal and + 21 others, "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani + from Genome-wide + Data"](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602), + *Current Biology* +87. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-87)** [Stephanie Pappas, Origin of the + Romani + people](http://www.livescience.com/25294-origin-romani-people.html) +88. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Jatt_mutation_88-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Jatt_mutation_88-1) [Jatt mutation found in + Romani + populations](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146142.php) +89. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-89)** Ali, Manir et al. (2009). "Null + Mutations in LTBP2 Cause Primary Congenital Glaucoma". *The American + Journal of Human Genetics* **84** (5): 664–671. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2009.03.017). +90. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-radoc.net_90-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-radoc.net_90-1) + [http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art\_b\_history\_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true) +91. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-GYPSY_i_91-0)** Digard, Jean-Pierre. + ["GYPSY i. Gypies of + Persia"](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i). + *Encyclopædia Iranica*. Retrieved 2013-07-22. +92. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-mluvnice_92-0)** Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, + Edita (1998). [*Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické + účely)*](http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf). + Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí + nad Labem: p. 4. [ISBN + 80-7044-205-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/8070442050). +93. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-hub1995_93-0)** Hübschmannová, Milena + (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o + romském jazyku". *Bulletin Muzea romské kultury* (Brno: Muzeum + romské kultury) (4/1995). "Zatímco romská lexika je bližší + hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře + nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou." +94. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-mat2002_domari_94-0)** Matras, Yaron + (2002). *Romani: A Linguistic Introduction*, Cambridge: Cambridge + University Press. [ISBN + 0-521-02330-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521023300) +95. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-95)** Matras, Yaron (2006). + ["Domari"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Domari_ELL2.pdf). + In Keith Brown. *Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics* (Second + ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. "The morphology of the two languages is + similar in other respects: Both retain the old present conjugation + in the verb (Domari kar-ami ‘I do’), and consonantal endings of the + oblique nominal case (Domari mans-as ‘man.OBL’, mans-an ‘men.OBL’), + and both show agglutination of secondary (Layer II) case endings + (Domari mans-as-ka ‘for the man’). It had therefore been assumed + that Romani and Domari derived form the same ancestor idiom, and + split only after leaving the Indian subcontinent." +96. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-ROMANI_ORIGINS_96-0)** ["On romani origins + and + identity"](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true). + Retrieved 2008-07-23 +97. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-97)** after [Ian + Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock"), *On Romani Origins and + Identity*, RADOC + (2007)[[4]](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true) +98. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-98)** + [http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html](http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html) +99. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-99)** Rai N, Chaubey G, Tamang R, Pathak + AK, Singh VK, et al. (2012) ["The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome + Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the + European Romani + Populations"](http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477), + *PLoS ONE* 7(11): e48477. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1371/journal.pone.0048477](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477) +100. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-100)** Ian Hancock. *Ame Sam e Rromane + Džene/We are the Romani people*. p. 13. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [1-902806-19-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-19-0 "Special:BookSources/1-902806-19-0"). +101. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_101-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_101-1) Luba Kalaydjieva; + Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2001). ["Genetic studies of the + Roma (Gypsies): A + review"](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5). *BMC Medical + Genetics* **2**: 5. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1186/1471-2350-2-5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5). + [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [31389](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389). + [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [11299048](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11299048). + Retrieved 2008-06-16. +102. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Figure + 4"](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5/figure/F4). + Biomedcentral.com. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1186/1471-2350-2-5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5). + Retrieved 2009-05-06. +103. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-David_Gresham_103-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-David_Gresham_103-1) Gresham, D; Morar, B; + Underhill, PA; Passarino, G; Lin, AA; Wise, C; Angelicheva, D; + Calafell, F; Oefner, PJ; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; De Pablo, + Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, + Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (2001). ["Origins and + Divergence of the Roma + (Gypsies)"](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). + *American Journal of Human Genetics* **69** (6): 1314–31. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1086/324681](http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F324681). + [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). + [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [11704928](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704928) . +104. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_104-0)** ["Mutation history + of the Roma-Gypsies"](http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15322984). + Retrieved 2008-06-16 . +105. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-105)** Ali, Manir et al. (2009). "Null + Mutations in LTBP2 Cause Primary Congenital Glaucoma". *The American + Journal of Human Genetics* **84** (5): 664–671. + [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2009.03.017). +106. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-106)** Michael Jan de Goeje, *Mémoire sur + les migrations des Tsiganes à travers l’Asie*, Leyden, 1883. +107. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-107)** *Searching for the origin of + Romanies* + [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18768723](http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18768723) +108. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-108)** McDougall, Dan (17 Aug 2008). + ["'Why do the Italians hate + us?'"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/17/familyandrelationships.roma). + *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved + 2013-05-10. +109. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-109)** Ian F. Hancock, Siobhan Dowd, Rajko + Djurić (2004). *The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy + Writers*. Hatfield, United Kingdom: University of Hertfordshire + Press. pp. 14–15. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0-900458-90-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900458-90-9 "Special:BookSources/0-900458-90-9"). +110. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-110)** + ["Romani"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf) + (PDF). *Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics*. Oxford: Elsevier. + Retrieved 2009-08-30. +111. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-111)** Mendizabal et. al (2012) "Our + results further indicate that after a rapid migration with moderate + gene flow from the Near or Middle East, the European spread of the + Romani people was via the Balkans starting ∼0.9 kya." +112. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-112)** Anfuso, Linda (1994-02-24). + "[[at](news:PaN9Hc2w165w) tinhat.stonemarche.org gypsies]". + [rec.org.sca](news:rec.org.sca). [Web + link](http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html). + Retrieved 2007-08-26. +113. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-113)** *Bright Balkan morning: Romani + lives & the power of music in Greek Macedonia,* Charles Keil et al, + 2002, + [p.108](http://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Feudum+Acinganorum%22&hl=en&ei=bXJWTbyIH9C74gbYgq3xBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Feudum%20Acinganorum%22&f=false) +114. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-114)** The Gypsies, Angus M. Fraser, 1995, + [pp.50-51](http://books.google.com/books?id=qHUdwpiYCtIC&pg=PA50&dq=%22Feudum+Acinganorum%22&hl=en&ei=bXJWTbyIH9C74gbYgq3xBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Feudum%20Acinganorum%22&f=false) +115. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-1) + [^***c***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-3) Donald Kenrick, "Historical + Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)," Second Edition, Scarecrow + Press, 2007. +116. **[Jump up + \^](#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_387.E2.80.93388_116-0)** [Norman + Davies](/wiki/Norman_Davies "Norman Davies") (1996). *[Europe: A + History](/wiki/Europe:_A_History "Europe: A History")*. pp. 387–388. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0-19-820171-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0 "Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"). +117. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-117)** Hancock, Ian, 2001, *Ame sam e + rromane džene* (We are the Romani People), New York: The Open + Society Institute, p. 25 +118. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-118)** [Delia Radu, "'On the Road': + Centuries of Roma + History"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136812.stm), BBC World + Service, 8 July 2009 +119. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Milton_estimates_119-0)** [Romanies and + the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an + Overview](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true) +120. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-120)** ["United States Holocaust Memorial + Museum"](http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130). + Retrieved 2012-12-02. +121. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-hancock2005_121-0)** Hancock, Ian (2005). + ["True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an + overview"](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=). + *The Historiography of the Holocaust*. [Palgrave + Macmillan](/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"). + pp. 383–396. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [1-4039-9927-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9927-9 "Special:BookSources/1-4039-9927-9") +122. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-122)** Denysenko, Marina (2007-03-12). + ["Sterilised Roma accuse + Czechs"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm). BBC News. +123. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-123)** Thomas, Jeffrey (2006-08-16). + ["Coercive Sterilization of Romani Women Examined at Hearing: New + report focuses on Czech Republic and + Slovakia"](http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html). + *Washington File*. Bureau of International Information Programs, + U.S. Department of State. +124. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-124)** ["Romani Customs and Traditions: + Death Rituals and + Customs"](http://web.archive.org/web/20070821022337/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm). + Patrin Web Journal. Archived from [the + original](http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm) on + 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-08-26. +125. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-125)** David M. Knipe. ["The Journey of a + Lifebody"](http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/). Retrieved + 2008-05-26. +126. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-126)** Hancock, Ian, 2001, Ame sam e + rromane džene / We are the Romani People, The Open Society + Institute, New York, page 81 +127. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-127)** Saul, Nicholas; Susan Tebbut + (2005). Nicholas Saul, Susan Tebbutt, ed. [*The role of the + Romanies: images and counter-images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in + European + cultures*](http://books.google.com/?id=AQw6qOCNj-UC&pg=PA218&dq=romanipen&cd=7#v=onepage&q=romanipen&f=false). + Liverpool University Press. p. 218. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-85323-689-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-689-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-689-4"). + Retrieved March 0310. +128. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-128)** ["Restless Beings Project: Roma + Engage"](http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies). + *restlessbeings*. Restless Beings. 2008–2012. Retrieved 26 December + 2012. +129. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-129)** ["BLESSED CEFERINO GIMENEZ MALLA + 1861-1936"](http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm). *Saviour.org – + Visit the Saviour*. Voveo Marketing Group. December 2012. Retrieved + 26 December 2012. +130. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-130)** Ronald Lee (2002). ["THE ROMANI + GODDESS KALI + SARA"](http://kopachi.com/articles/the-romani-goddess-kali-sara-by-ronald-lee/). + *Romano Kapachi*. Ronald Lee. Retrieved 26 December 2012. +131. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-2) + ["Roma"](http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Roma.html#b). + *Countries and their Cultures*. Advameg, Inc. 2012. Retrieved 26 + December 2012. +132. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-2) + [^***d***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-3) [^***e***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-4) + [^***f***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-5) [^***g***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-6) + [^***h***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-7) Elena Marushiakova; Veselin Popov + (2012). ["Home - Culture - Roma Muslims in the + Balkans"](http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans). + *Education of Roma Children in Europe*. Council of Europe. Retrieved + 26 December 2012. +133. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-133)** [Census 2002, by + religion](http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol1/tabele/t51a.pdf) + at insse.ro +134. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-134)** Joshua Project. ["Romani, Vlax, + Southern in Albania Ethnic People + Profile"](http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=AL&peo3=14567). + Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2013-12-10. +135. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-family_135-0)** [Rootsworld artilcle: + *Cümbüş means fun, Birger Gesthuisen investigates the short history + of a 20th-century folk + instrument*.](http://www.rootsworld.com/turkey/cumbus.html) +136. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-136)** Halwachs, Dieter W. ["Speakers and + Numbers (distribution of Romani-speaking Romani population by + country)"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cd/data/lang/gen/data/numbers.en.pdf) + (PDF). Rombase. +137. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-137)** Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. (2005). + ["Caló: A language of + Spain"](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmr). + *Ethnologue: Languages of the World* (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL + International. + [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-55671-159-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6"). +138. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Achim_138-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Achim_138-1) Viorel Achim, The Roma in + Romanian History, [Central European University + Press](/wiki/Central_European_University_Press "Central European University Press"), + Budapest, 2004, [ISBN + 963-9241-84-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241849) +139. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-139)** [Delia + Grigore](/wiki/Delia_Grigore "Delia Grigore"), Petre Petcuţ and + Mariana Sandu (2005). *Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani* + (in [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language")). + Bucharest: Sigma. p. 36. +140. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-140)** Ştefan Ştefănescu, *Istoria medie a + României*, Vol. I, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, Bucharest, + 1991 (Romanian) +141. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-timeline_141-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-timeline_141-1) ["Timeline of Romani + History"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071111142247/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm). + Patrin Web Journal. Archived from [the + original](http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm) on + 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2007-08-26. +142. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-142)** Most estimates for numbers of + Romani victims of the Holocaust fall between 200,000 and 500,000, + although figures ranging between 90,000 and 4 million have been + proposed. Lower estimates do not include those killed in all + Axis-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, + formerly senior historian at the [U.S. Holocaust Memorial + Museum](/wiki/U.S._Holocaust_Memorial_Museum "U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum") + gave a figure of at least a minimum of 220,000, probably higher, + possibly closer to 500,000 (cited in [Re. Holocaust Victim Assets + Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals, September 11, + 2000](http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf)). + Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the + Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas + at Austin, argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 + and 1,500,000 in his 2004 article, [Romanies and the Holocaust: A + Reevaluation and an + Overview](http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-3-PORR.htm) as published + in Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) The Historiography of the Holocaust. + Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York. +143. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-samer_143-0) + [^***b***^](#cite_ref-samer_143-1) Samer, Helmut (December 2001). + ["Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age + of Enlightened + Absolutism"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/hist/modern/maria.en.xml). + *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz. +144. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-144)** ["Gitanos. History and Cultural + Relations"](http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html). + World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-08-26. +145. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-145)** Kenrick, Donald. ["Roma in + Norway"](http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm). Patrin Web + Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-13. +146. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-146)** ["The Church of Norway and the Roma + of + Norway"](http://www2.wcc-coe.org/ccdocuments.nsf/index/plen-4.4-en.html). + [World Council of + Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches"). + 2002-09-03. +147. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Roma-in-Europe_147-0)** ["Roma on the + rubbish + dump"](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/10636448/Roma-on-the-rubbish-dump-British-religious-leaders-call-on-Romanian-mayor-to-reverse-forced-evictions.html). + [CIA World Factbook](/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook "CIA World Factbook"). + Retrieved 2014-02-21. +148. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-148)** ["Council of Europe + website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090221234346/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp) + at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") + (archived February 21, 2009). European Roma and Travellers Forum + (ERTF). 2007. Archived from [the + original](http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143) + on 2007-07-06. +149. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-149)** ["Demolita la "bidonville" di Ponte + Mammolo"](http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/demolita-bidonville-ponte-mammolo.html). + *[il Giornale](/wiki/Il_Giornale "Il Giornale")*. 2007-12-05. + Retrieved 2013-05-10. +150. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-150)** ["Fini: impossibile integrarsi con + chi + ruba"](http://www.corriere.it/politica/07_novembre_04/intervista_fini_impossibile_integrazione_rom.shtml). + *[Corriere della + Sera](/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera "Corriere della Sera")*. 4 Nov 2007. + Retrieved 2013-05-10. +151. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-151)** ["European effort spotlights plight + of the + Roma"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm). + *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. 2005-02-01. Retrieved + 2013-05-10. +152. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-152)** ["Europe must break cycle of + discrimination facing + Roma"](http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/europe-must-break-cycle-discrimination-facing-roma-2010-04-06). + Amnesty International. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010. +153. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-153)** ["Amnesty + International"](http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma). + Web.amnesty.org. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-05-06. +154. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-154)** Colin Woodard (2008-02-13). + ["Hungary's anti-Roma militia + grows"](http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html). + *Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved 2010-09-15. +155. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-155)** ["roma | Human Rights Press + Point"](http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12). + Humanrightspoint.si. Retrieved 2009-05-06. +156. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-156)** ["Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: + Persecuted, driven out, + poisoned"](http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612). Gfbv.de. + Retrieved 2009-05-06. +157. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-157)** ["National Roma Integration + Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU + Framework"](http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/com2012_226_en.pdf). + European Commission. Retrieved 3 May 2014. +158. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-158)** Claude Cahn (2007). ["Birth of a + Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah + Minorities"](http://www.germanlawjournal.org/pdfs/Vol08No01/PDF_Vol_08_No_01_81-94_SI_Cahn.pdf). + *[German Law + Journal](/wiki/German_Law_Journal "German Law Journal")* **8** (1). + [ISSN](/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number") [2071-8322](//www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-8322). +159. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-159)** [Sterilised Roma accuse + Czechs](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm), + [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC"), 12 March 2007 (English) +160. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-160)** [For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern + Problem - Czech Practice Dates to Soviet + Era](http://newsdesk.org/2006/06/for_gypsies_eug/), + [Newsdesk](/wiki/Newsdesk "Newsdesk"), June 12, 2006 (English) +161. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-161)** ["Final Statement of the Public + Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in + Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial + Measures"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071128041045/http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400). + The Office of The Public Defender of Rights. December 23, 2005. + Archived from [the + original](http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400) + on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2010-09-15. +162. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-162)** Hooper, John (November 2, 2007). + ["Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to + Romanians"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international). + *The Guardian* (London). +163. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-163)** de Zulueta, Tana (2009-03-30). + ["Italy's new + ghetto?"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/roma-taly). + *The Guardian* (London). +164. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-164)** Bagnall, Sam (2 September 2009). + ["How Gypsy gangs use child + thieves"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8226580.stm). BBC News. +165. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-MO_2012_165-0)** Hellen Kooijman (6 April + 2012). ["Bleak + horizon"](http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon). + Presseurop. Retrieved 6 April 2012. +166. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-166)** ["France sends Roma Gypsies back to + Romania"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-1020429). BBC. + August 20, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-22. +167. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-167)** ["Troops patrol French village of + Saint-Aignan after + riot"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10681796). BBC. July + 19, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-22. +168. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-168)** ["Q&A: France Roma + expulsions"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288). BBC. + September 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-16. +169. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-169)** ["France Begins Controversial Roma + Deportations"](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,712701,00.html). + *Der Spiegel*. 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-08-20. +170. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-170)** ["EU may take legal action against + France over Roma"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307). + BBC News. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010. + +Bibliography + +(An extensive historical bibliography, "Gypsies in France, 1566–2011", +is available at [[5]](http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm).) + +- Viorel Achim (2004). "The Roma in [Romanian + History](/wiki/History_of_Romania "History of Romania")." Budapest: + [Central European + University](/wiki/Central_European_University "Central European University") + Press. [ISBN 963-9241-84-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241849). +- Auzias, Claire. *Les funambules de l'histoire*. Baye: Éditions la + Digitale, 2002. +- De Soto, Hermine. *Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social + Exclusion to Social Inclusion*. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank + Publications, 2005. +- Fonseca, Isabel. *Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey*. + New York: A.A. Knopf, 1995. +- Fraser, Angus *The Gypsies* : Blackwell Publishers, Oxford UK, 1992 + [ISBN 0-631-15967-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631159673). +- Genner, Michael. *Spartakus*, 2 vols. Munich: Trikont, 1979-80. +- "Germany Reaches Deal to Deport Thousands of Gypsies to Romania," + *Migration World Magazine*, Nov-December 1992. +- Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times + support the Anatolian theory of + [Indo-European](/wiki/Indo-European_languages "Indo-European languages") + origin." *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_(journal) "Nature (journal)").* +- Gresham, D; *et al.* (2001). "Origins and divergence of the Roma + (Gypsies)." *American Journal of Human Genetics.* **69**(6), + 1314-1331. + [[6]](http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v69_p1314-1331.pdf) +- Hackl, Erich. (1991). *Farewell Sidonia*, New York: Fromm + International Pub. [ISBN + 0-88064-124-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/088064124X). (Translated + from the German, *Abschied von Sidonie* 1989) +- Helsinki Watch. *Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's + Endangered Gypsies.* New York, 1991. +- Leland, Charles G. *The English Gipsies and Their Language*. London: + Trübner & Co., 1873. +- Lemon, Alaina (2000). *Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and + Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism.* Durham: [Duke + University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") Press. [ISBN + 0-8223-2456-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822324563) +- Luba Kalaydjieva; *et al.* (2001). "Patterns of inter- and + intra-group [genetic + diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity") in the Vlax + Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages." + *European Journal of Human Genetics.* **9**, 97-104. + [[7]](http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf) +- Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin. (2001) "Gypsies in the + [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire")." Hatfield: + University of Hertfordshire Press. +- Matras, Yaron (2002). *Romani: A Linguistic Introduction*, + Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN + 0-512-02330-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0512023300). +- McDowell, Bart (1970). "Gypsies, Wanderers of the World". [National + Geographic + Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"). + [ISBN 0-87044-088-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870440888). +- "Gypsies, The World's Outsiders." *National Geographic*, April 2001, + 72-101. +- Ringold, Dena. *Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: + Trends & Challenges*. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2000. pp. 3, + 5, & 7. +- Roberts, Samuel. *The Gypsies: Their Origin, Continuance, and + Destination*. London: Longman, 4th edition, 1842. +- Silverman, Carol. "Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of + Eastern Europe." *Cultural Survival Quarterly*, Summer 1995. +- Simson, Walter. *History of the Gipsies*. London: S. Low, 1865. +- Tebbutt, Susan (Ed., 1998) *Sinti and Roma in German-speaking + Society and Literature*. Oxford: Berghahn. +- Turner, Ralph L. (1926) The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan. In: + Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 3rd Ser. 5/4, pp. 145–188. +- [Danish Broadcasting + Corporation](http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Politik/20060118073049.htm) + A page in Danish about Romani treatment in Denmark + +External links[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: External links")] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +  Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***[Roma people](//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roma_people "commons:Category:Roma people")***. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +European countries Roma links + +- [http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html](http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html) + - History the Roma and Sinti in Germany - +- [http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction](http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction) + - History of the Roma in Austria - +- [http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/](http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/) + - History of the Roma in Czech Republic +- [http://www.romasinti.eu/\#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation](http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation) + History of some Roma Europeans + +The concentration, Labor, Ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in +during World War II + +- [http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com\_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3](http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3) +- [http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin](http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin) +- [http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history\_en.aspx](http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx) +- [European Parliament resolution on the situation of the Roma in the + European + Union](http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN) + - April 28, 2005 +- [Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and + travellers in + Europe](https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=962605&Site=COE) by the + European Commissioner for [Human + Rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") ([Council of + Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe")) - February 15, + 2006 +- [Shot in remote areas of the Thar desert in Northwest India, + "Jaisalmer Ayo: Gateway of the + Gypsies"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zirn1H4vE0Y) on + [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") captures the lives of vanishing + nomadic communities who are believed to share common ancestors with + the Roma people - released 2004 + +Non-governmental organisations + +- [European Roma Rights Centre](http://www.errc.org/) - International + Romani NGO +- [Roma Rights Network](http://www.romarights.net/) - Romani INGO + +Museums and libraries + +- [Museum of Romani + Culture](/wiki/Museum_of_Romani_Culture "Museum of Romani Culture") + in [Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno"), [Czech + Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") (in + Czech)[[8]](http://www.rommuz.cz/) +- [Specialized Library with Archive "Studii + Romani"](http://www.studiiromani.org/) in + [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") + (Bulgarian, English) +- [Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and + Roma](http://www.sintiundroma.de/content/index.php?sID=2&navID=0&tID=0&aID=0) + in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg"), + [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") (German, English) +- [Ethnographic Museum](http://www.muzeum.tarnow.pl/index.php) in + [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w "Tarnów"), + [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"). Click "*Romowie*" on the menu at + left. (Polish) +- [Who we Were, Who we Are: Kosovo Roma Oral History + Collection](http://www.balkanproject.org/roma). The most + comprehensive collection of information on + [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo")'s Roma in existence. (English) + +[[show](#)] + +- [v](/wiki/Template:Roma_diaspora "Template:Roma diaspora") +- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Roma_diaspora "Template talk:Roma diaspora") +- [e](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Roma_diaspora&action=edit) + +[Romani diaspora](/wiki/Romani_diaspora "Romani diaspora") + +[Settlements](/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements "List of Romani settlements") + +Subgroups + +Uncontested + +- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") +- [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash") +- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari") +- [Machvaya](/wiki/Machvaya "Machvaya") +- [Polska Roma](/wiki/Polska_Roma "Polska Roma") +- [Bergitka Roma](/wiki/Bergitka_Roma "Bergitka Roma") +- [Ruska Roma](/wiki/Ruska_Roma "Ruska Roma") +- [Servitka Roma](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") +- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") +- [Muslim Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") +- [Ashkali](/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians "Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians") +- [Cascarots](/wiki/Cascarots "Cascarots") +- [Erromintxela](/wiki/Erromintxela "Erromintxela") +- [Finnish Kale](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale") +- [Welsh Kale](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)") +- [Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") +- [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") +- [Manouche](/wiki/Manouche "Manouche") +- [Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, + Romanisæl)](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") +- [Kawliya](/wiki/Kawliya "Kawliya") +- [Black Dutch](/wiki/Black-Dutch "Black-Dutch") + +Contested + +- [Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") + - [Nawar](/wiki/Nawar_people "Nawar people") + +- [Bosha/Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people") +- [Lori](/wiki/Lori_people "Lori people") +- [Lyuli](/wiki/Lyuli "Lyuli") +- [Garachi](/wiki/Garachi "Garachi") + +By country + +- [Austria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria "Romani people in Austria") +- [Bosnia and + Herzegovina](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina") +- [Brazil](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil "Romani people in Brazil") +- [Bulgaria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria "Romani people in Bulgaria") +- [Canada](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada "Romani people in Canada") +- [Croatia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia "Romani people in Croatia") +- [Czech + Republic](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic "Romani people in the Czech Republic") +- [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia "Romani people in Czechoslovakia") +- [France](/wiki/Romani_people_in_France "Romani people in France") +- [Germany](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany "Romani people in Germany") +- [Greece](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece "Romani people in Greece") +- [Hungary](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary "Romani people in Hungary") +- [Ireland](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland "Romani people in Ireland") +- [Kosovo](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo "Romani people in Kosovo") +- [Macedonia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Romani people in the Republic of Macedonia") +- [Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal "Romani people in Portugal") +- [Romania](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania "Romani people in Romania") +- [Serbia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia "Romani people in Serbia") +- [Slovakia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia "Romani people in Slovakia") +- [Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") +- [Syria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria "Romani people in Syria") +- [Turkey](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey "Romani people in Turkey") +- [Ukraine](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine "Romani people in Ukraine") +- [United + States](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_States "Romani people in the United States") + +\<img +src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" +alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: +absolute;" /\> |