diff options
| author | luxagraf <sng@luxagraf.net> | 2023-03-03 09:27:18 -0600 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | luxagraf <sng@luxagraf.net> | 2023-03-03 09:27:18 -0600 |
| commit | e89adb85ef969e305c9b50c957c051d696caf81d (patch) | |
| tree | cb0906e17007c8b6f03abae7f2b782bb60c20b6e /bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt | |
| parent | 6d78dc43ea176aaae190c176559492453e5200f1 (diff) | |
brought up to date
Diffstat (limited to 'bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt')
| -rwxr-xr-x | bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt | 3099 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 3099 deletions
diff --git a/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt b/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt deleted file mode 100755 index 2f833d8..0000000 --- a/bookmarks/wikipedia on the roma.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3099 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Romani people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -date: 2008-08-30T20:34:46Z -source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_people -tags: culture, history, writing - ---- - - -Total population - -2 million \~ 12 -million^[[1]](#cite_note-1)^^[[2]](#cite_note-2)^^[[3]](#cite_note-3)^\ - Also see **[Romani people by -country](/wiki/Romani_people_by_country#Population_by_country "Romani people by country")** - -Regions with significant populations - - [United -States](/wiki/United_States "United States") - -1,000,000\ - (0.32%)^[[4]](#cite_note-time-4)^ - - [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") - -800,000\ - (0.41%)^[[5]](#cite_note-5)^ - - [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") - -650,000\ - (1.62%)^[[6]](#cite_note-6)^ - - [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") - -621,573\ - (3.3%)^[[7]](#cite_note-7)^ - - [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") - -500,000\ - (0.72%)^[[8]](#cite_note-Turkey-8)^ - - [France](/wiki/France "France") - -500,000\ - (0.79%)^[[9]](#cite_note-9)^ - - [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") - -370,908\ - (4.67%)^[[10]](#cite_note-10)^ - - [Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") - -205,720\ - (2.02%)^[[11]](#cite_note-11)^ - - [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") - -200,000\ - (1.82%)^[[12]](#cite_note-12)^ - - [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") - -189,920\ - (1.71%)^[[13]](#cite_note-13)^ - - [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") - -182,766\ - (0.13%)^[[14]](#cite_note-14)^ - - [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") - -147,604\ - (2.05%)^[[15]](#cite_note-15)^ - - [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy") - -130,000\ - (0.22%)^[[16]](#cite_note-16)^ - - [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") - -120,000\ - (0.15%)^[[17]](#cite_note-17)^ - - [United -Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") - -90,000\ - (0.15%)^[[18]](#cite_note-18)^ - - [Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia") - -53,879\ - (2.85%)^[[19]](#cite_note-19)^ - - [Mexico](/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") - -53,000\ - (0.05%)^[[20]](#cite_note-20)^ - - [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") - -50,000 – 100,000^[[21]](#cite_note-21)^ - - [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") - -47,587\ - (0.098%)^[[22]](#cite_note-22)^ - - [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") - -30,000 – 50,000\ - (0.3%) - -Languages - -[Romani](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), languages of native -region - -Religion - -[Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^\ - -[Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^\ - -[Shaktism](/wiki/Shaktism "Shaktism")^[[23]](#cite_note-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318-23)^ - -Related ethnic groups - -[Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people"), -[Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people"), [Domba](/wiki/Domba "Domba"); -other [Indo-Aryans](/wiki/Indo-Aryans "Indo-Aryans") - -[](/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pc1 "All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review") - -Part of [a series](/wiki/Category:Romani "Category:Romani") on - -**Romani people** - -[](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg "Flag of the Romani people") - -- [Culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture") -- [Music](/wiki/Romani_music "Romani music") -- [Language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") -- [History](/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people "History of the Romani people") -- [Dance](/wiki/Romani_dance "Romani dance") -- [Religion](/wiki/Romani_people#Religion "Romani people") -- [People](/wiki/List_of_Romani_people "List of Romani people") - -Diaspora[[show]](#) - -- [Azerbaijan](/wiki/Garachi "Garachi") -- [Basque Country](/wiki/Erromintxela "Erromintxela") -- [Bosnia-Herzegovina](/wiki/Roma_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina") -- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") -- [Brazil](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal_and_Brazil "Romani people in Portugal and Brazil") -- [Bulgaria](/wiki/Roma_in_Bulgaria "Roma in Bulgaria") -- [Croatia](/wiki/Roma_of_Croatia "Roma of Croatia") -- [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Roma_in_Czechoslovakia "Roma in Czechoslovakia") -- [Czech - Republic](/wiki/Roma_in_the_Czech_Republic "Roma in the Czech Republic") -- [England](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") -- [Finland](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale") -- [France](/wiki/Romani_people_in_France "Romani people in France") -- [Germany](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") -- [Greece](/wiki/Roma_in_Greece "Roma in Greece") -- [Gurbeti](/wiki/Gurbeti "Gurbeti") -- [Hungary](/wiki/Roma_in_Hungary "Roma in Hungary") -- [Iran](/wiki/Zargari_people "Zargari people") -- [Iraq](/wiki/Kawliya "Kawliya") -- [Ireland](/wiki/Roma_in_Ireland "Roma in Ireland") -- [Kalderash](/wiki/Roma_in_Kosovo "Roma in Kosovo") -- [Kosovo](/wiki/Roma_in_Kosovo "Roma in Kosovo") -- [Lăutari](/wiki/L%C4%83utari "Lăutari") -- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari") -- [Northern Basque Country](/wiki/Cascarots "Cascarots") -- [Norway](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") -- [Poland (Bergitka)](/wiki/Bergitka_Roma "Bergitka Roma") -- [Poland (Polska)](/wiki/Polska_Roma "Polska Roma") -- [Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal_and_Brazil "Romani people in Portugal and Brazil") -- [Republic of - Macedonia](/wiki/Roma_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Roma in the Republic of Macedonia") -- [Romania](/wiki/Roma_in_Romania "Roma in Romania") -- [Russia (Ruska)](/wiki/Ruska_Roma "Ruska Roma") -- [Russia (Servitka)](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") -- [Serbia](/wiki/Roma_in_Serbia "Roma in Serbia") -- [Serbia (Machvaya)](/wiki/Machvaya "Machvaya") -- [Slovakia](/wiki/Roma_in_Slovakia "Roma in Slovakia") -- [Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") -- [Sweden](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") -- [Turkey](/wiki/Roma_in_Turkey "Roma in Turkey") -- [Ukraine](/wiki/Roma_in_Ukraine "Roma in Ukraine") -- [Ukraine (Crymy](/wiki/Crymy "Crymy") -- [Ukraine (Servitka)](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") -- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") -- [USA](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") -- [USA - (Hungarian-Slovak)](/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States "Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States") -- [Wales](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)") - -- [](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg) - [Romani people - portal](/wiki/Portal:Romani_people "Portal:Romani people") -- [WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people "Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people") - -- [v](/wiki/Template:Romani_people "Template:Romani people") -- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people "Template talk:Romani people") -- [e](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romani_people&action=edit) - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0525-0500-003,_Rheinland,_Sinti_und_Roma_mit_Wohnwagen_auf_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0525-0500-003,_Rheinland,_Sinti_und_Roma_mit_Wohnwagen_auf_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg "Enlarge") - -Romani Wagon in [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") in 1935 - -[](/wiki/File:Gypsy_wagon,_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Gypsy_wagon,_Grandborough_Fields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1256879.jpg "Enlarge") - -Recent Romani wagon in [Grandborough](/wiki/Grandborough "Grandborough") -(Grandbourough Fields Road is a popular spot for travelling people) - -The **Romani** (also spelled **Romany**), or **Roma**, are an -[ethnicity](/wiki/Ethnicity "Ethnicity") of -[Indian](/wiki/India "India") origin, living mostly [in -Europe](/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe "Ethnic groups in Europe") and the -[Americas](/wiki/Americas "Americas").^[[24]](#cite_note-24)^^[[25]](#cite_note-25)^ -Romani are widely known among Anglophonic people by the -[exonym](/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym "Exonym and endonym") -"**[Gypsies](//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gypsy "wikt:Gypsy")**" (or -**Gipsies**). - -Romani are [widely dispersed](/wiki/Romani_diaspora "Romani diaspora"), -with their largest concentrated populations in Europe—especially Central -and Eastern Europe and [Anatolia](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia"), -[Iberia](/wiki/Iberia "Iberia"), and Southern France. They originated in -India and arrived in [Mid-West Asia](/wiki/Western_Asia "Western Asia"), -then Europe, at least 1,000 years -ago,^[[26]](#cite_note-kenrick_intro-26)^ either separating from the -[Dom people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") or, at least, having a -similar history;^[[27]](#cite_note-What_is_Domari-27)^ the ancestors of -both the Romani and the Dom left [North -India](/wiki/North_India "North India") sometime between the sixth and -eleventh century.^[[26]](#cite_note-kenrick_intro-26)^ - -Since the nineteenth century, some Romani have also migrated to the -Americas. There are an estimated one million [Roma in the United -States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States");^[[4]](#cite_note-time-4)^ -and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the -nineteenth century from eastern Europe. Brazil also includes Romani -descended from people deported by the government of Portugal during the -Inquisition in the colonial era.^[[28]](#cite_note-28)^ In migrations -since the late nineteenth century, Romani have also moved to Canada and -countries in South America.^[[29]](#cite_note-29)^ - -The [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") is -divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of -speakers larger than two million.^[[30]](#cite_note-30)^ The total -number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as -large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of -the language current in their country of residence, or of [mixed -languages](/wiki/Mixed_language "Mixed language") combining the two; -those [varieties](/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) "Variety (linguistics)") -are sometimes called -[Para-Romani](/wiki/Para-Romani "Para-Romani").^[[31]](#cite_note-31)^ - -Contents --------- - - [[hide](#)] - -- [1 Names](#Names) - - [1.1 Romani usage](#Romani_usage) - - [1.2 English usage](#English_usage) - - [1.3 Other designations](#Other_designations) - -- [2 Population and subgroups](#Population_and_subgroups) - - [2.1 Romani population](#Romani_population) - - [2.2 Romani subgroups](#Romani_subgroups) - -- [3 History](#History) - - [3.1 Origins](#Origins) - - [3.1.1 Shahnameh legend](#Shahnameh_legend) - - [3.1.2 Linguistic evidence](#Linguistic_evidence) - - [3.1.3 Genetic evidence](#Genetic_evidence) - - [3.1.4 Possible migration route](#Possible_migration_route) - - - [3.2 Arrival in Europe](#Arrival_in_Europe) - - [3.3 Early Modern history](#Early_Modern_history) - - [3.4 Modern history](#Modern_history) - - [3.4.1 World War II](#World_War_II) - - [3.4.2 Post-1945](#Post-1945) - -- [4 Society and traditional - culture](#Society_and_traditional_culture) - - [4.1 Belonging and exclusion](#Belonging_and_exclusion) - - [4.2 Religion](#Religion) - - [4.2.1 Beliefs](#Beliefs) - - [4.2.2 Deities and saints](#Deities_and_saints) - - [4.2.3 Ceremonies and practices](#Ceremonies_and_practices) - - [4.2.4 Balkans](#Balkans) - - [4.2.5 Other regions](#Other_regions) - - - [4.3 Music](#Music) - -- [5 Contemporary art and culture](#Contemporary_art_and_culture) -- [6 Language](#Language) -- [7 Persecutions](#Persecutions) - - [7.1 Historical persecution](#Historical_persecution) - - [7.2 Holocaust](#Holocaust) - - [7.3 Forced assimilation](#Forced_assimilation) - -- [8 Contemporary issues](#Contemporary_issues) - - [8.1 Forced repatriation](#Forced_repatriation) - -- [9 Fictional representations](#Fictional_representations) - - [9.1 In contemporary literature](#In_contemporary_literature) - -- [10 See also](#See_also) -- [11 References](#References) -- [12 External links](#External_links) - -Names[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Names")] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Main article: [Names of the Romani -people](/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people "Names of the Romani people") - -### Romani usage[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Romani usage")] - -In the [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), *Rom* -is a masculine noun, meaning 'man of the Roma ethnic group' or 'man, -husband', with the plural *Roma*. The feminine of *Rom* in the Romani -language is *Romni*. However, in most cases, in other languages *Rom* is -now used for both a man and a woman.^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ - -*Romani* is the feminine adjective, while *romano* is the masculine -adjective. Some Romanies use *Rom* or *Roma* as an ethnic name, while -others (such as the [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti"), or the -[Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal")) do not use this term as a -self-ascription for the entire ethnic -group.^[[33]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XIX-33)^ - -Sometimes, *rom* and *romani* are spelled with a double *r*, i.e., -*rrom* and *rromani*. In this case *rr* is used to represent the phoneme -/ʀ/ (also written as *ř* and *rh*), which in some Romani dialects has -remained different from the one written with a single *r*. The *rr* -spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the [INALCO -Institute](/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales "Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales") -in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g. -[Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), in order to distinguish from the -[endonym](/wiki/Endonym "Endonym")/[homonym](/wiki/Homonym "Homonym") -for [Romanians](/wiki/Romanians "Romanians") (*sg. român, pl. -români*).^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^^[[34]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI-34)^ - -### English usage[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: English usage")] - -In the [English language](/wiki/English_language "English language") -(according to the [Oxford English -Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary")), -*Rom* is a noun (with the plural *Roma* or *Roms*) and an adjective, -while *Romani* (*Romany*) is also a noun (with the plural *Romanies* or -*Romanis*) and an adjective. Both *Rom* and *Romani* have been in use in -English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. *Romani* was -initially spelled *Rommany*, then *Romany*, while today the *Romani* -spelling is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double *r* -spelling (e.g., *Rroma*, *Rromani*) mentioned above is also encountered -in English texts. - -The term *Roma* is increasingly encountered during recent -decades,^[[35]](#cite_note-35)^^[[36]](#cite_note-36)^ as a generic term -for the Romani -people.^[[37]](#cite_note-37)^^[[38]](#cite_note-Garner-38)^^[[39]](#cite_note-Dictionaryof2002-39)^^[[40]](#cite_note-40)^ - -Because all Romanies use the word *Romani* as an adjective, the term -began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic -group.^[[41]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XX-41)^ Today, the -term *Romani* is used by some organizations — including the [United -Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") and the US Library of -Congress.^[[34]](#cite_note-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI-34)^ - -However, the [Council of -Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") and other -organizations consider that *Roma* is the correct term referring to all -related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend -that *Romani* be restricted to the language and culture: [Romani -language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), [Romani -culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture").^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ - -The standard assumption is that the [demonyms](/wiki/Demonym "Demonym") -of the Romani people, [Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people") and -[Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") share the same -origin.^[[42]](#cite_note-42)^^[[43]](#cite_note-43)^ - -### Other designations[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Other designations")] - -See also: [Gypsy (term)](/wiki/Gypsy_(term) "Gypsy (term)") - -The English term *Gypsy* (or *Gipsy*) originates from the [Middle -English](/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") *gypcian*, short for -*Egipcien*. It is ultimately derived from the Greek Αἰγύπτιοι -(*Aigyptioi*), meaning Egyptian, via [Middle -French](/wiki/Middle_French "Middle French") and -[Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin"). This designation owes its existence to the -belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Romani, or some related -group (such as the middle eastern [Dom -people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people")), were itinerant -Egyptians.^[[44]](#cite_note-Soulis-44)^^[[45]](#cite_note-White_1999-45)^ -According to one narrative they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for -allegedly harbouring the [infant -Jesus](/wiki/Child_Jesus "Child Jesus").^[[46]](#cite_note-Fraser1992-46)^ -As described in [Victor Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s novel -*[The Hunchback of Notre -Dame](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame")*, -the medieval French referred to the Romanies as *Egyptiens*. The word -*Gypsy* in [English](/wiki/English_Language "English Language") has -become so pervasive that many Romani organizations use it in their own -organizational names. - -This [exonym](/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym "Exonym and endonym") is -sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an -[ethnic -group](/wiki/Ethnic_group "Ethnic group").^[[47]](#cite_note-47)^ The -term 'Gypsy' appears when international research programmes, documents -and policies on the community are referred -to.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative -and stereotypical -associations.^[[38]](#cite_note-Garner-38)^^[[39]](#cite_note-Dictionaryof2002-39)^^[[48]](#cite_note-Thenew2007-48)^^[[49]](#cite_note-MerriamWebsterpocket1998-49)^^[[50]](#cite_note-Garner2009-50)^^[[51]](#cite_note-Baskin-51)^^[[52]](#cite_note-RomaReport-52)^ -The Council of Europe consider that 'Gypsy' or equivalent terms, as well -as administrative terms such as 'Gens du Voyage' (referring in fact to -an ethnic group but not acknowledging ethnic identification) are not in -line with European recommendations.^[[32]](#cite_note-words-32)^ In -[North America](/wiki/North_America "North America"), the word *Gypsy* -is most commonly used as a reference to Romani -ethnicity,^[[53]](#cite_note-53)^ though lifestyle and fashion are at -times also referenced by using this word.^[[54]](#cite_note-54)^ - -Another common designation of the Romani people is *Cingane* (alt. -Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner) which probably derives from -*[Athinganoi](/wiki/Athinganoi "Athinganoi")*, the name of a Christian -sect with whom the Romani (or some related group) became associated with -in the Middle -Ages.^[[45]](#cite_note-White_1999-45)^^[[55]](#cite_note-Starr-55)^^[[56]](#cite_note-56)^^[[57]](#cite_note-57)^ -The Spanish term -*[gitano](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain")* and -the French term *gitan* have a more uncertain origin but could originate -from any of the two main designations mentioned above or their -conflation and corruption.^[[58]](#cite_note-58)^ - -Population and subgroups[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Population and subgroups")] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -### Romani population[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Romani population")] - -Main article: [Romani -populations](/wiki/Romani_populations "Romani populations") - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) This article **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit) by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing/1"). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. *(August 2011)* - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -For a variety of reasons, many Romanies choose not to register their -ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated four -million Romani people in Europe (as of 2002),^[[59]](#cite_note-59)^ -although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers as -high as 14 million.^[[60]](#cite_note-60)^ Significant Romani -populations are found in the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans "Balkans"), in some -Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. Several -million more Romanies may live out of Europe, in particular in the -Middle East and in the -Americas.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ - -[](/wiki/File:Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg "Enlarge") - -A tent of Romani nomads in -[Hungary](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary "Kingdom of Hungary"), 19th century - -### Romani subgroups[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Romani subgroups")] - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -  **This section may be [too long](/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies "Help:Section") and excessively detailed.** \ - Please consider summarizing the material while [citing sources](/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE "Wikipedia:CITE") as needed. *(August 2014)* - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -As a result of the [caste system](/wiki/Caste_system "Caste system"), -inherited from India, and their movement on Asia, Europe, America and -Australia, many designations can be given to individual Roma groups. -^[[61]](#cite_note-61)^^[[62]](#cite_note-62)^ - -[](/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg "Enlarge") - -Interior of a gipsy's house in [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") c. 1820, -by [Debret](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret "Jean-Baptiste Debret") - -[](/wiki/File:Emil_Volkers_Zigeunerlager_vor_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Emil_Volkers_Zigeunerlager_vor_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg "Enlarge") - -Camping gypsies near [Düsseldorf](/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf "Düsseldorf"), -Germany, c. 1905, by Emil Volkers - -All-encompassing self-description is always -"Rom".^[[63]](#cite_note-63)^ Even when some groups are not using an -endonym "Roma", they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy -Roma-[Gadjo](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)").^[[64]](#cite_note-64)^ - -Other groups, using different endonyms are, for example: - -- [Finnish Kale](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale"), in - Finland;^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[66]](#cite_note-66)^ - the same endonym with Spanish Calé is probably a - coincidence.^[[67]](#cite_note-Milena_2003-67)^ -- [Iberian Kale](/wiki/Cal%C3%A9 "Calé"), mostly in Spain (see [Romani - people in - Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain"), also - known as *gitanos*), but also in Portugal (see [Romani people in - Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal "Romani people in Portugal"), - also known as - *ciganos*)^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[68]](#cite_note-rombase_cale-68)^ - ["Kala"](/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)#Etymology "Kāla (time)") or "kale" - means "black" in Sanskrit, neo-Indian languages and the Romani - language.^[[68]](#cite_note-rombase_cale-68)^ They use the word - "Kale" for their language, which is - para-Romani.^[[69]](#cite_note-69)^ For their language, see [Caló - language](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language "Caló language"). -- [Welsh Kale](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)"), - in Wales, originally from Spain ^[[70]](#cite_note-70)^ -- [Manush](/wiki/Romani_populations#France "Romani populations") in - France^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^ - They are a sub-group of Sinti.^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^ - The word "Manush" means "person" in - [Sanskrit](/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit"), neo-Indian languages and the - Romani - language.^[[71]](#cite_note-rombase_manush-71)^^[[72]](#cite_note-72)^ -- [Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal"), in the United - Kingdom,^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[67]](#cite_note-Milena_2003-67)^ - emigrated also to the [United - States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") - and - Australia^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -- [Romanisæl](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers"), - in Sweden and - Norway.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -- [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti"), in - [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany")^[[65]](#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-65)^^[[73]](#cite_note-rombase_sinti-73)^ - and [Northern Italy](/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy"). Sinti - do not speak of themselves as Roma, but they use "romanes" as a name - for their language.^[[73]](#cite_note-rombase_sinti-73)^ - -Other Romani sub-groups include: - -- Bashaldé^[[74]](#cite_note-74)^ -- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") (Lingurari, - [Ludar](/wiki/Ludar "Ludar"), Ludari, Rudari, or - Zlătari)^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ - from [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") words - for various crafts: *Lingurari* (spoon - makers),^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ - *Rudari* (wood crafters or miners)^[[75]](#cite_note-75)^ or - "băieşi" (miners); the semantic overlapping occurring due to the - [homophony](/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") of two different notions: - in [Serbian](/wiki/Serbian_language "Serbian language"), *ruda* - "ore", hence *rudar* "miner," and *ruda* "stick, staff, rod, bar, - pole" (in [Hungarian](/wiki/Hungarian_language "Hungarian language") - [*rúd*](http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1), - and in [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") - [*rudă*](http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă), lemma no. 2) -- Churari^[[76]](#cite_note-76)^ -- Erlides (also *Yerlii* or *Arli*), in Greece -- [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash"), primarily from - [Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania"), from which they spread into - [Bessarabia](/wiki/Bessarabia "Bessarabia") and - [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") -- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari"), from Hungary^[[77]](#cite_note-77)^ - - Machvaya, from Serbia^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ - -- Lalleri, from [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria") and - [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany"), as well as western [Czech - Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic")("[Sudetenland](/wiki/Sudetenland "Sudetenland")"). -- Luri ^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ -- [Romungro](/wiki/Romungro "Romungro") - ([Modyar](/wiki/Modyar "Modyar") or [Modgar](/wiki/Modgar "Modgar")) - from Hungary and neighbouring - [Carpathian](/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains "Carpathian Mountains") - countries^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -- Ungaritza^[[79]](#cite_note-79)^ -- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") (bear-trainers; in - [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language") *urs* - "bear")^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ -- [Muslim Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") (Horahane), living - [in Greece](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece "Romani people in Greece") - and [in - Turkey](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey "Romani people in Turkey")^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ -- *Zlătari*/*Aurari* (goldsmiths)^[[78]](#cite_note-rombase_list-78)^ -- [Ashkali and Balkan - Egyptians](/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians "Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians"), - in the Balkans^[[80]](#cite_note-80)^ - -[](/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg "Enlarge") - -Two Romani women in Spain, by [Francisco -Iturrino](/wiki/Francisco_Iturrino "Francisco Iturrino") - -History[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: History")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -Main article: [History of the Romani -people](/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people "History of the Romani people") - -### Origins[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Origins")] - -Findings suggest an [Indian](/wiki/India "India") origin for -Roma.^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ Because -Romani groups didn't keep chronicles of their history or have oral -accounts of it, most hypotheses about Romani's migration early history -are based on linguistic theory.^[[83]](#cite_note-83)^ There is also no -known record of a migration from India to Europe from medieval times -that can be connected indisputably to Roma.^[[84]](#cite_note-84)^ -However, the linguistic findings about their Indian origin have been -corroborated by genetic studies, carried out on a number of Romani -populations^[[85]](#cite_note-Gresham2001-85)^^[[86]](#cite_note-Isabel2012-86)^^[[87]](#cite_note-87)^ -Some genetic studies specifically link them to the [Jat -people](/wiki/Jat_people "Jat people") of modern-day northern India and -Pakistan.^[[88]](#cite_note-Jatt_mutation-88)^^[[89]](#cite_note-89)^^[[90]](#cite_note-radoc.net-90)^ - -#### Shahnameh legend[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Shahnameh legend")] - -[](/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Khamsa-c.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Khamsa-c.jpg "Enlarge") - -An illustration of "[Bahrām V Gōr](/wiki/Bahram_V "Bahram V") and the -Indian princess in the black pavilion." - -According to a legend reported in -*[Shahnameh](/wiki/Shahnameh "Shahnameh")* and repeated by several -modern authors, the [Sasanian](/wiki/Sasanian "Sasanian") king [Bahrām V -Gōr](/wiki/Bahram_V "Bahram V") learned towards the end of his reign -(421–39) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and he asked the -king of India to send him ten thousand *luris*, men and women, lute -playing experts. When the luris arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox and -a donkey and a donkey-load of wheat so that they could live on -agriculture and play music gratuitously for the poor. But the luris ate -the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks -hollowed with hunger. The king was angered with their having wasted what -he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags on their asses and -go wandering around the world.^[[91]](#cite_note-GYPSY_i-91)^ - -#### Linguistic evidence[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Linguistic evidence")] - -The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani -language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of -Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, -for example, body parts or daily -routines.^[[92]](#cite_note-mluvnice-92)^ - -More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and -[Punjabi](/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language"). It shares many -phonetic features with -[Marwari](/wiki/Marwari_(language) "Marwari (language)"), while its -grammar is closest to -[Bengali](/wiki/Bengali_language "Bengali language").^[[93]](#cite_note-hub1995-93)^ - -Romani and [Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") share some -similarities: agglutination of postpositions of the second Layer (or -case marking clitics) to the nominal stem, concordmarkers for the past -tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use -of the oblique case as an -accusative.^[[94]](#cite_note-mat2002_domari-94)^^[[95]](#cite_note-95)^ -This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these -two languages. [Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") was -once thought to be the "sister language" of Romani, the two languages -having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more -recent research suggests that the differences between them are -significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the -[Central zone](/wiki/Central_zone "Central zone") -([Hindustani](/wiki/Hindustani_language "Hindustani language")) group of -languages. The Dom and the Rom therefore likely descend from two -different migration waves out of India, separated by several -centuries.^[[27]](#cite_note-What_is_Domari-27)^^[[96]](#cite_note-ROMANI_ORIGINS-96)^ - -[Numerals](/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics) "Numeral (linguistics)") in the -[Romani](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"), -[Domari](/wiki/Domari_language "Domari language") and -[Lomavren](/wiki/Lomavren "Lomavren") languages, with -[Hindi](/wiki/Hindi "Hindi") and -[Persian](/wiki/Persian_language "Persian language") forms for -comparison.^[[97]](#cite_note-97)^ Note that Romani 7–9 are borrowed -from Greek. - -Hindi - -Romani - -Domari - -Lomavren - -Persian - -1 - -ek - -ekh, jekh - -yika - -yak, yek - -yak, yek - -2 - -do - -duj - -dī - -lui - -du, do - -3 - -tīn - -trin - -tærən - -tərin - -se - -4 - -cār - -štar - -štar - -išdör - -čahār - -5 - -pāñc - -pandž - -pandž - -pendž - -pandž - -6 - -che - -šov - -šaš - -šeš - -šaš, šeš - -7 - -sāt - -ifta - -xaut - -haft - -haft - -8 - -āţh - -oxto - -xaišt - -hašt - -hašt - -9 - -nau - -inja - -na - -nu - -nuh, noh - -10 - -das - -deš - -des - -las - -dah - -20 - -bīs - -biš - -wīs - -vist - -bist - -100 - -sau - -šel - -saj - -saj - -sad - -#### Genetic evidence[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Genetic evidence")] - -Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwest -[India](/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia") and migrated as a -group.^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^^[[98]](#cite_note-98)^ -According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled -tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally -referred to collectively as the [Ḍoma](/wiki/%E1%B8%8Coma "Ḍoma"), are -the likely ancestral populations of modern European -Roma.^[[99]](#cite_note-99)^ In December 2012, additional findings -appeared to confirm the "Roma came from a single group that left -northwestern India about 1,500 years -ago.^[*[dubious](/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Disputed statement")\\ –\\ [discuss](/wiki/Talk:Romani_people#Dubious "Talk:Romani people")*]^"^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ -They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago, and then spread throughout -Europe. The team found that, despite some isolation, the Roma were -"genetically similar to other -Europeans."^[[81]](#cite_note-Isabel-81)^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ -Contemporary populations suggested as sharing a close relationship to -the Romani are the [Dom people](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") of -Western Asia and North Africa, and the -[Banjara](/wiki/Banjara "Banjara") of India.^[[100]](#cite_note-100)^ - -Genetic evidence supports the mediaeval migration from India. The Romani -have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder -populations",^[[101]](#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-101)^ while a number -of common -[Mendelian](/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans "List of Mendelian traits in humans") -disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin -and [founder -effect](/wiki/Founder_effect "Founder effect")".^[[101]](#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-101)^^[[102]](#cite_note-102)^ -A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of -related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting -from a distinct caste or tribal -group".^[[103]](#cite_note-David_Gresham-103)^ The same study found that -"a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for -almost one-third of Romani -males."^[[103]](#cite_note-David_Gresham-103)^ A 2004 study by Morar et -al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately -32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events -occurring approximately 16–25 generations -ago".^[[104]](#cite_note-Bharti_Morar-104)^ The discovery in 2009 of the -"Jat mutation" that causes a type of -[glaucoma](/wiki/Glaucoma "Glaucoma") in Romani populations suggests -that the Romani people are the descendants of the [Jat -people](/wiki/Jat_people "Jat people") found in the [Indian -subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").^[[88]](#cite_note-Jatt_mutation-88)^^[[105]](#cite_note-105)^ -This relation to Jats had earlier been suggested by [Michael Jan de -Goeje](/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje "Michael Jan de Goeje") in -1883.^[[106]](#cite_note-106)^ The 2009 glaucoma study, however, -contradicts an earlier study that compared the most common haplotypes -found in Romani groups with those found in Jat Sikhs and Jats from -Haryana and found no matches.^[[107]](#cite_note-107)^ - -#### Possible migration route[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Possible migration route")] - -They may have emerged from the modern Indian state of -[Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan"),^[[108]](#cite_note-108)^ -migrating to the northwest (the [Punjab -region](/wiki/Punjab_region "Punjab region"), -[Sindh](/wiki/Sindh "Sindh") and -[Baluchistan](/wiki/Baluchistan "Baluchistan") of the [Indian -subcontinent](/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent")) around -250 BC. In the centuries spent here, there may have been close -interaction with these established groups such as the -[Rajputs](/wiki/Rajputs "Rajputs") and the [Jats](/wiki/Jats "Jats"). -Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed -to have occurred beginning in about AD -500.^[*[dubious](/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement "Wikipedia:Disputed statement")\\ –\\ [discuss](/wiki/Talk:Romani_people#Dubious "Talk:Romani people")*]^^[[82]](#cite_note-Comas-82)^ -It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken -place in the context of the raids by [Mahmud of -Ghazni](/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni "Mahmud of Ghazni").^[[109]](#cite_note-109)^ -As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their -families into the [Byzantine -Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire"). The 11th century -*[terminus post quem](/wiki/Terminus_post_quem "Terminus post quem")* is -due to the Romani language showing unambiguous features of the [Modern -Indo-Aryan](/wiki/Modern_Indo-Aryan "Modern Indo-Aryan") -languages,^[[110]](#cite_note-110)^ precluding an emigration during the -[Middle Indic](/wiki/Middle_Indic "Middle Indic") period. - -[](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg "Enlarge") - -The migration of the Romanies through the [Middle -East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East") and [Northern -Africa](/wiki/Northern_Africa "Northern Africa") to Europe - -### Arrival in Europe[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Arrival in Europe")] - -Though according to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans -as early as the 12th century,^[[111]](#cite_note-111)^ the first -historical records of the Romani reaching south-eastern Europe are from -the 14th century: in 1322, an Irish -[Franciscan](/wiki/Franciscan "Franciscan") monk, [Symon -Semeonis](/wiki/Symon_Semeonis "Symon Semeonis") encountered a migrant -group, "the descendants of [Cain](/wiki/Cain "Cain")", outside the town -of [Heraklion](/wiki/Heraklion "Heraklion") (Candia), in -[Crete](/wiki/Crete "Crete"). Symon's account is probably the earliest -surviving description by a Western chronicler of the Romani people in -Europe. In 1350, [Ludolphus](/wiki/Ludolphus "Ludolphus") of -[Sudheim](/wiki/Sudheim "Sudheim") mentioned a similar people with a -unique language whom he called *Mandapolos*, a word which some theorize -was derived from the Greek word *mantes* (meaning prophet or fortune -teller).^[[112]](#cite_note-112)^ Around 1360, a -[fiefdom](/wiki/Fiefdom "Fiefdom"), called the *[Feudum -Acinganorum](/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum "Feudum Acinganorum")* was -established in [Corfu](/wiki/Corfu "Corfu"), which mainly used Romani -serfs and to which the Romani on the island were -subservient.^[[113]](#cite_note-113)^^[[114]](#cite_note-114)^ By 1424, -they were recorded in -Germany;^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -and by the 16th century, Scotland and -Sweden.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -Some Romani migrated from [Persia](/wiki/Persia "Persia") through North -Africa,^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -reaching the [Iberian -Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula "Iberian Peninsula") in the 15th -century.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -The two currents met in -France.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ - -[](/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg "Enlarge") - -First arrival of the Romanies outside [Bern](/wiki/Bern "Bern") in the -15th century, described by the chronicler as *getoufte heiden* -(“baptized heathens”) and drawn with dark skin and wearing -[Saracen](/wiki/Saracen "Saracen")-style clothing and weapons ([Spiezer -Schilling](/wiki/Spiezer_Schilling "Spiezer Schilling"), p. 749) - -### Early Modern history[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Early Modern history")] - -[](/wiki/File:Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg "Enlarge") - -An 1852 [Wallachian](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") poster advertising an -auction of Romani slaves in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest"). - -Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the -first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in -[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia"), they were issued safe conduct -by [Holy Roman Emperor -Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") -in 1417.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ Romanies were ordered expelled -from the [Meissen](/wiki/Meissen "Meissen") region of Germany in 1416, -[Lucerne](/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") in 1471, [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") -in 1493, [France](/wiki/France "France") in 1504, -[Catalonia](/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") in 1512, -[Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") in 1525, -[England](/wiki/Kingdom_of_England "Kingdom of England") in 1530 (see -[Egyptians Act 1530](/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530 "Egyptians Act 1530")), -and [Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") in -1536.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ In 1510, any Romani found in -Switzerland were ordered to be put to death, with similar rules -established in England in 1554, and Denmark in 1589, whereas -[Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") began deportations of Romanies to -its colonies in 1538.^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ - -Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanies special privileges -that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683. -[Catherine the Great of -Russia](/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia "Catherine II of Russia") declared -the Romanies "crown slaves" (a status superior to -[serfs](/wiki/Serfs "Serfs")), but also kept them out of certain parts -of [the -capital](/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia "St. Petersburg, Russia").^[[116]](#cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387.E2.80.93388-116)^ -In 1595, [Ştefan Răzvan](/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_R%C4%83zvan "Ştefan Răzvan") -overcame his birth into slavery, and became the -[Voivode](/wiki/Voivode "Voivode") -([Prince](/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers "List of Moldavian rulers")) of -[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia").^[[115]](#cite_note-kenrick-115)^ - -Although some Romani could be kept as slaves in -[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") and -[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia"), until -[abolition](/wiki/Abolitionism "Abolitionism") in 1856, the majority -were traveling as free nomads with their wagons, as it is resembled at -their flag.^[[117]](#cite_note-117)^ Elsewhere in Europe, they were -subject to [ethnic -cleansing](/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing "Ethnic cleansing"), abduction of -their children, and [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor"). -In England, Romani were sometimes expelled from small communities or -hanged; in France, they were branded and their heads were shaved; in -[Moravia](/wiki/Moravia "Moravia") and -[Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"), the women were marked by their ears -being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the -East, toward -[Poland](/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"), -which was more tolerant, and Russia, where the Romani were treated more -fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.^[[118]](#cite_note-118)^ - -### Modern history[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Modern history")] - -Romani began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small -groups recorded in [Virginia](/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") and [French -Louisiana](/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France) "Louisiana (New France)"). -Larger-scale [Roma emigration to the United -States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") -began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnaichal from [Great -Britain](/wiki/Great_Britain "Great Britain"). The largest number -immigrated in the early 1900s, mainly from the Vlax group of -[Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash"). Many Romani also settled in -South America. - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg "Enlarge") - -[Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") and other Romani about to be deported from -Germany, May 22, 1940. - -#### World War II[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: World War II")] - -Main article: [Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos") - -During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), the -[Nazis](/wiki/Nazism "Nazism") and the -[Ustaša](/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a "Ustaša") embarked on a systematic -[genocide](/wiki/Genocide "Genocide") of the Romani, a process known in -Romani as the -*[Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos")*.^[[119]](#cite_note-Milton_estimates-119)^ -Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and -imprisonment in [concentration -camps](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp"). - -They were often killed on sight, especially by the -[Einsatzgruppen](/wiki/Einsatzgruppen "Einsatzgruppen") (mobile killing -units) on the Eastern Front.^[[120]](#cite_note-120)^ The total number -of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 to 1,500,000; -even the lowest number would make the Porajmos one of the largest mass -killings in history.^[[121]](#cite_note-hancock2005-121)^ - -#### Post-1945[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Post-1945")] - -In [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"), they were -labeled a "socially degraded stratum," and Romani women were sterilized -as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was -implemented with large financial incentives, threats of denying future -welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs -(Silverman 1995; [Helsinki Watch](/wiki/Helsinki_Watch "Helsinki Watch") -1991). - -An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report -(December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practiced -an assimilation policy towards Romanies, which "included efforts by -social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community". "The -problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, -either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said Czech Public -Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected -between 1973 and 1991.^[[122]](#cite_note-122)^ New cases were revealed -up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, -Sweden and Switzerland “all have histories of coercive sterilization of -minorities and other groups.” ^[[123]](#cite_note-123)^ - -Society and traditional culture[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Society and traditional culture")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Main article: [Romani society and -culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture") - -[](/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png) - -[](/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png "Enlarge") - -*A Gipsy Family*, facsimile of a woodcut in the -[*Cosmographia*](/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster) "Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)") -of [Sebastian Münster](/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster "Sebastian Münster") -(Basle, 1552) - -The traditional Romanies place a high value on the [extended -family](/wiki/Extended_family "Extended family"). -[Virginity](/wiki/Virginity "Virginity") is essential in unmarried -women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy -in several countries over the Romani practice of [child -marriage](/wiki/Child_marriage "Child marriage"). Romani law establishes -that the man's family must pay a [bride -price](/wiki/Bride_price "Bride price") to the bride's parents, but only -traditional families still follow this rule. - -Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job -is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs, as well as to take -care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani -household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men in -general have more authority than women. Women gain respect and authority -as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have -children. - -Romani [social behavior](/wiki/Social_behavior "Social behavior") is -strictly regulated by [Hindu purity -laws](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma")^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -("marime" or "marhime"), still respected by most Roma (and by most older -generations of [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti")). This regulation affects -many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people and things: -parts of [the human body](/wiki/Human_anatomy "Human anatomy") are -considered impure: the [genital organs](/wiki/Sex_organ "Sex organ") -(because they produce emissions), as well as the rest of the lower body. -Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of -[menstruating](/wiki/Menstruation "Menstruation") women, are washed -separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. -Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling -place. The mother is considered impure for forty days after giving -birth. - -Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, -who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of -[cremating](/wiki/Cremation "Cremation") the dead, Romani dead must be -buried.^[[124]](#cite_note-124)^ Cremation and burial are both known -from the time of the [Rigveda](/wiki/Rigveda "Rigveda"), and both are -widely practiced in [Hinduism](/wiki/Hinduism "Hinduism") today -(although the tendency for Hindus groups is to burn, while some -communities in South India tend to bury their -dead).^[[125]](#cite_note-125)^ Some animals are also considered impure, -for instance cats because they lick their hindquarters. Horses, in -contrast, are not considered impure because they -cannot.^[[126]](#cite_note-126)^ - -### Belonging and exclusion[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Belonging and exclusion")] - -Main articles: [Romanipen](/wiki/Romanipen "Romanipen") and [Gadjo -(non-Romani)](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)") - -**Romanipen** (also *romanypen*, *romanipe*, *romanype*, *romanimos*, -*romaimos*, *romaniya*) is a complicated term of Romani philosophy that -means totality of the Romani spirit, [Romani -culture](/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture "Romani society and culture"), -[Romani Law](/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court) "Kris (Romani court)"), being a -Romani, a set of Romani strains. - -An ethnic Romani is considered to be a [Gadjo -(non-Romani)](/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani) "Gadjo (non-Romani)") in the -Romani [society](/wiki/Society "Society") if he has no Romanipen. -Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered to be a Romani if he has -Romanipen; usually this is an adopted child. As a concept, Romanipen has -been the subject of interest to numerous academic observers. It has been -hypothesized that it owes more to a [framework of -culture](/wiki/Cultural_framework "Cultural framework") rather than -simply an adherence to historically received -rules.^[[127]](#cite_note-127)^ - -### Religion[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Religion")] - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [](/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) This section **needs additional citations for [verification](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")**. Please help [improve this article](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit) by [adding citations to reliable sources](/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 "Help:Introduction to referencing/1"). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. *(December 2012)* - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[](/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg "Enlarge") - -Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage at -[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer](/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer "Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer") -in France, 1980s - -#### Beliefs[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Beliefs")] - -The ancestors of modern day Romani people were previously -[Hindu](/wiki/Hindu "Hindu"), but adopted -[Christianity](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") or -[Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") depending on their respective regions they -had migrated through.^[[128]](#cite_note-128)^ [Muslim -Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") are found in -[Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), [Bosnia and -Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina"), -[Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania"), [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), -[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo"), [Republic of -Macedonia](/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia "Republic of Macedonia"), -[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") and form a very significant -proportion of the Romani people. - -#### Deities and saints[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Deities and saints")] - -[Blessed Ceferino Giménez -Malla](/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla "Ceferino Giménez Malla") is -considered a patron saint of the Romani people in Roman -Catholicism.^[[129]](#cite_note-129)^ [Saint -Sarah](/wiki/Saint_Sarah "Saint Sarah"), or Kali Sara, has also been -venerated as a patron saint in the same manner as the Blessed Ceferino -Giménez Malla, but a transition has occurred in the 21st century, -whereby [Kali](/wiki/Kali "Kali") Sara is understood as an Indian deity -brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma people, thereby -removing any Christian association. Mother Goddess figurines have been -found in the excavations of the Indus Valley Civilisation in Mohenjo -Daro and Harappa, in the Sindh - Punjab - Haryana area [Some Romani -claim Punjab to be their original habitat], and Kali Mata [Mother Kali] -is still worshipped in India particularly by the Hindus. Therefore, -Saint Sarah is now progressively being considered as "a Romani Goddess, -the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother -India".^[[90]](#cite_note-radoc.net-90)^^[[130]](#cite_note-130)^ - -#### Ceremonies and practices[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Ceremonies and practices")] - -Romanies often adopt the dominant religion of their host country in the -event that a ceremony associated with a formal religious institution is -necessary, such as a baptism or funeral (their particular belief systems -and indigenous religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such -adoption processes). The Roma continue to practice -"[Shaktism](/wiki/Shaktism "Shaktism")", a practice with origins in -India, whereby a female consort is required for the worship of a god. -Adherence to this practice means that for the Roma who worship a -Christian God, prayer is conducted through the [Virgin -Mary](/wiki/Virgin_Mary "Virgin Mary"), or her mother, [Saint -Anne](/wiki/Saint_Anne "Saint Anne")—Shaktism continues over one -thousand years after the people's separation from -India.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ - -Besides the Roma elders, who serve as spiritual leaders, priests, -churches, or bibles do not exist among the Romanies—the only exception -is the Pentecostal Roma.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ - -#### Balkans[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Balkans")] - -[](/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg "Enlarge") - -Costume of a Romani woman (most likely [Muslim -Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma")). - -For the Roma communities that have resided in the Balkans for numerous -centuries, often referred to as "Turkish Gypsies", the following -histories apply for religious beliefs: - -- Bulgaria - -In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Islam is -the dominant faith among Romani people; however in the independent -Bulgarian state, a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity -among Romani people has occurred. In southwestern Bulgaria (Pirin -Macedonia), Islam is also the dominant religion among Romani people, -with a smaller section of the Romani population, declaring themselves as -“Turks”, continuing to mix ethnicity with -Islam.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -- Romania - -According to the [2002 -census](/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania "Demographic history of Romania"), -the majority of Romani minority living in Romania are [Orthodox -Christians](/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church "Romanian Orthodox Church"), -while 6.4% are -[Pentecostals](/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania "Pentecostal Union of Romania"), -3.8% [Roman -Catholics](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Romania "Roman Catholicism in Romania"), -3% -[Reformed](/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania "Reformed Church in Romania"), -1.1% [Greek -Catholics](/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic "Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic"), -0.9% -[Baptists](/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Romania "Baptist Union of Romania"), -0.8% [Seventh-Day -Adventists](/wiki/Romanian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists "Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists").^[[133]](#cite_note-133)^ -In [Dobruja](/wiki/Dobruja "Dobruja"), there is a small community that -are [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_Romania "Islam in Romania") and also speak -Turkish.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -- Greece - -The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, -Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and -Aegean Macedonia are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs -held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of -Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent -population exchange between Turkey and -Greece.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -[](/wiki/File:Bosnian_Gypsies.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Bosnian_Gypsies.jpg "Enlarge") - -Muslim Romanies in [Bosnia and -Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") -(around 1900) - -- Albania - -The majority of Albania's Roma people are -Muslims.^[[134]](#cite_note-134)^ - -- Macedonia - -The majority of Roma people are followers of -[Islam](/wiki/Islam_in_Macedonia "Islam in Macedonia").^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -- Serbia - -Most Roma people in Serbia are Orthodox Christian, but there are some -Muslim Roma in Southern Serbia, mainly refugees from Kosovo. - -- Kosovo - -The vast majority of the Roma population in what has become Kosovo is -Muslim.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro - -Islam is the dominant religion amongst the -Roma.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -- Croatia - -Following the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), a -large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia (the majority moving -from Kosovo).^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -#### Other regions[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Other regions")] - -[](/wiki/File:Weingarten_Fastnacht_1910_Zigeuner.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Weingarten_Fastnacht_1910_Zigeuner.jpg "Enlarge") - -Gypsys in Germany, 1910 - -In Ukraine and Russia the Roma populations are also Muslim as the -families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their -ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th -centuries, but then migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the -Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that -these communities align themselves with and the people are recognized -for their [staunch](//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/staunch "wikt:staunch") -preservation of the Romani language and -identity.^[[132]](#cite_note-Roma-132)^ - -Most Eastern European Romanies are [Roman -Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism "Roman Catholicism"), [Eastern -Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"), or -[Muslim](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim").^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -Those in Western Europe and the [United -States](/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States "Roma in the United States") are -mostly Roman Catholic or [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant")—in -southern Spain, many Romanies are -[Pentecostal](/wiki/Pentecostalism "Pentecostalism"), but this is a -small minority that has emerged in contemporary -times.^[[131]](#cite_note-Cac-131)^ In Egypt, the Romanies are split -into Christian and Muslim -populations.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ - -### Music[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Music")] - -Main article: [Romani music](/wiki/Romani_music "Romani music") - -[](/wiki/File:Romungro.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Romungro.jpg "Enlarge") - -Young Hungarian Romani performing a traditional dance - -Romani music plays an important role in Central and Eastern European -countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, -Bulgaria, the [Republic of -Macedonia](/wiki/Macedonia_(country) "Macedonia (country)"), Albania, -Hungary, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices -of Romani musicians have influenced European [classical -composers](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers "List of classical music composers") -such as [Franz Liszt](/wiki/Franz_Liszt "Franz Liszt") and [Johannes -Brahms](/wiki/Johannes_Brahms "Johannes Brahms"). The -*[lăutari](/wiki/L%C4%83utari "Lăutari")* who perform at traditional -Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani. - -Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in -the *lăutari* tradition are [Taraful -Haiducilor](/wiki/Taraful_Haiducilor "Taraful Haiducilor"). Bulgaria's -popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani -musicians such as [Ivo Papasov](/wiki/Ivo_Papasov "Ivo Papasov"), a -virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian -pop-folk singer [Azis](/wiki/Azis "Azis"). - -Many famous classical musicians, such as the Hungarian pianist [Georges -Cziffra](/wiki/Georges_Cziffra "Georges Cziffra"), are Romani, as are -many prominent performers of [manele](/wiki/Manele "Manele"). [Zdob şi -Zdub](/wiki/Zdob_%C5%9Fi_Zdub "Zdob şi Zdub"), one of the most prominent -rock bands in [Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova"), although not Romanies -themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do [Spitalul de -Urgenţă](/wiki/Spitalul_de_Urgen%C5%A3%C4%83 "Spitalul de Urgenţă") in -Romania, [Shantel](/wiki/Shantel "Shantel") in Germany, [Goran -Bregović](/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87 "Goran Bregović") in Serbia, [Darko -Rundek](/wiki/Darko_Rundek "Darko Rundek") in Croatia, -[Beirut](/wiki/Beirut_(band) "Beirut (band)") and [Gogol -Bordello](/wiki/Gogol_Bordello "Gogol Bordello") in the United States. - -Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani [brass -band](/wiki/Brass_band "Brass band"), with such notable practitioners as -[Boban Marković](/wiki/Boban_Markovi%C4%87 "Boban Marković") of Serbia, -and the brass *lăutari* groups [Fanfare -Ciocărlia](/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia "Fanfare Ciocărlia") and -[Fanfare din -Cozmesti](/w/index.php?title=Fanfare_din_Cozmesti&action=edit&redlink=1 "Fanfare din Cozmesti (page does not exist)") -of Romania. - -Many musical instruments like violins and guitars are said to have -originated from the Romani. Many dances such as the flamenco of Spain -and Oriental dances of Egypt are also said to have originated from them. - -The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced -[bolero](/wiki/Bolero "Bolero"), [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz"), and -[flamenco](/wiki/Flamenco "Flamenco") (especially *[cante -jondo](/wiki/Cante_jondo "Cante jondo")*) in Europe. European-style -[gypsy jazz](/wiki/Gypsy_jazz "Gypsy jazz") ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti -jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the -Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist -[Django Reinhardt](/wiki/Django_Reinhardt "Django Reinhardt"). -Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include -[Stochelo Rosenberg](/wiki/Stochelo_Rosenberg "Stochelo Rosenberg"), -[Biréli Lagrène](/wiki/Bir%C3%A9li_Lagr%C3%A8ne "Biréli Lagrène"), -[Jimmy Rosenberg](/wiki/Jimmy_Rosenberg "Jimmy Rosenberg"), [Paulus -Schäfer](/wiki/Paulus_Sch%C3%A4fer "Paulus Schäfer") and [Tchavolo -Schmitt](/wiki/Tchavolo_Schmitt "Tchavolo Schmitt"). - -The Romanies of Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and -local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. -Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the -[darbuka](/wiki/Goblet_drum "Goblet drum"), -[gırnata](/wiki/Clarinet "Clarinet") and -[cümbüş](/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F "Cümbüş").^[[135]](#cite_note-family-135)^ - -Contemporary art and culture[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Contemporary art and culture")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Main article: [Romani contemporary -art](/wiki/Romani_contemporary_art "Romani contemporary art") - -Language[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Language")] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Main article: [Romani language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language") - -Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the [Romani -language](/wiki/Romani_language "Romani language"),^[[136]](#cite_note-136)^^[*[not\\ in\\ citation\\ given](/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*]^ -an [Indo-Aryan](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages "Indo-Aryan languages") -language, with roots in Sanskrit. They also will often speak the -languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also -incorporate [loanwords](/wiki/Loanword "Loanword") and -[calques](/wiki/Calque "Calque") into Romani from the languages of those -countries, especially words for terms that the Romani language does not -have. Most of the *Ciganos* of Portugal, the -[Gitanos](/wiki/Gitanos "Gitanos") of Spain, the -[Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") of the UK, and [Scandinavian -Travellers](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") -have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the -[mixed languages](/wiki/Mixed_language "Mixed language") -[Caló](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani) "Caló (Spanish Romani)"),^[[137]](#cite_note-137)^ -[Angloromany](/wiki/Angloromany "Angloromany"), and -[Scandoromani](/wiki/Scandoromani "Scandoromani"). - -Persecutions[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Persecutions")] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Main article: [Antiziganism](/wiki/Antiziganism "Antiziganism") - -### Historical persecution[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Historical persecution")] - -One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the -enslaving of the Romanies. Slavery existed on the territory of -present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of -[Moldavia](/wiki/Moldavia "Moldavia") and -[Wallachia](/wiki/Wallachia "Wallachia") in 13th–14th century, until it -was [abolished](/wiki/Abolitionism "Abolitionism") in stages during the -1840s and 1850s.^[[138]](#cite_note-Achim-138)^ Legislation decreed that -all the Romanies living in these states, as well as any others who would -immigrate there, were slaves.^[[139]](#cite_note-139)^ Most of the -slaves were of -[Roma](/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania "Roma minority in Romania") -(Gypsy) ethnicity. - -The exact origins of -[slavery](/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania "Slavery in Romania") in the -[Danubian -Principalities](/wiki/Danubian_Principalities "Danubian Principalities") -are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani people came -to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or as slaves. Historian [Nicolae -Iorga](/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga "Nicolae Iorga") associated the Roma people's -arrival with the 1241 [Mongol invasion of -Europe](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe "Mongol invasion of Europe") and -considered their slavery as a vestige of that era, the -[Romanians](/wiki/Romanians "Romanians") taking the Roma from the -[Mongols](/wiki/Mongols "Mongols") as slaves and preserving their -status. Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured -during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners -may also have been taken from the -Mongols.^[[138]](#cite_note-Achim-138)^ While it is possible that some -Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, -the bulk of them came from south of the [Danube](/wiki/Danube "Danube") -at the end of the 14th century, some time after the [foundation of -Wallachia](/wiki/Foundation_of_Wallachia "Foundation of Wallachia"). By -then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and -possibly in both principalities, but the arrival of the Roma made -slavery a widespread practice. The [Tatar](/wiki/Tatars "Tatars") -slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma -population.^[[140]](#cite_note-140)^ - -The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in -the 15th century was precipitated by the -[Ottoman](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") conquest of the -Balkans. Although the Romanies themselves were refugees from the -conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were mistaken by the local -population in the West, because of their foreign appearance, as part of -the [Ottoman -invasion](/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe "Ottoman wars in Europe") (the -[German -Reichstags](/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#The_Reichstag_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire "Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)") -at Landau and Freiburg in 1496-1498 declared the Romanies as spies of -the Turks). In Western Europe, this resulted in a violent history of -persecution and attempts of ethnic cleansing until the modern era. As -time passed, other accusations were added against local Romanies -(accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), -like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together -with the local -[Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews").^[[141]](#cite_note-timeline-141)^ - -One example of official persecution of the Romani is exemplified by -[*The Great -Roundup*](/wiki/The_Great_Roundup_of_Gypsies_(1749) "The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)") -of [Spanish -Romanies](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") -(Gitanos) in 1749. The Spanish monarchy ordered a nationwide raid that -led to separation of families and placement of all able-bodied men into -forced labor camps. - -Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial -basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world (in -1885 the United States outlawed the entry of the Roma) and also in some -South American countries (in 1880 Argentina adopted a similar -policy).^[[141]](#cite_note-timeline-141)^ - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg "Enlarge") - -Deportation of Roma from [Asperg](/wiki/Asperg "Asperg"), Germany, 1940 -(photograph by the *[Rassenhygienische -Forschungsstelle](/w/index.php?title=Rassenhygienische_Forschungsstelle&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle (page does not exist)")*) - -### Holocaust[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Holocaust")] - -Main article: [Porajmos](/wiki/Porajmos "Porajmos") - -The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in -the *Porajmos*, the genocide perpetrated by the -[Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis") during the -[Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust"). In 1935, the [Nuremberg -laws](/wiki/Nuremberg_laws "Nuremberg laws") stripped the Romani people -living in [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") of their -citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, imprisonment -in [concentration camps](/wiki/Concentration_camp "Concentration camp") -and later genocide in [extermination -camps](/wiki/Extermination_camp "Extermination camp"). The policy was -extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also -applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, -Romania and Hungary. - -Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is -impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. [Ian -Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock"), director of the Program of -Romani Studies at the [University of Texas at -Austin](/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin "University of Texas at Austin"), -proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of -between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by Sybil Milton, formerly senior -historian of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial -Museum.^[[142]](#cite_note-142)^ In Central Europe, the extermination in -the [Protectorate of Bohemia and -Moravia](/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia") -was so thorough that the [Bohemian -Romani](/wiki/Bohemian_Romani "Bohemian Romani") language became -extinct. - -### Forced assimilation[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Forced assimilation")] - -In the [Habsburg Monarchy](/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy "Habsburg Monarchy") -under [Maria -Theresa](/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria "Maria Theresa of Austria") -(1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to -[permanently settle](/wiki/Sedentism "Sedentism"), removed rights to -horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and -forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), -forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and -prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor [Josef -II](/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor") -prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the -Romani language, punishable by flogging.^[[143]](#cite_note-samer-143)^ - -In [Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain"), attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were -under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use -of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to -separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. Similar -prohibitions took place in 1783 under [King Charles -III](/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain "Charles III of Spain"), who prohibited -the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the [Calo -language](/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani) "Caló (Spanish Romani)"), -Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades. The -use of the word *gitano* was also forbidden to further assimilation. -Ultimately these measures failed, as the rest of the population rejected -the integration of the -Gitanos.^[[143]](#cite_note-samer-143)^^[[144]](#cite_note-144)^ - -Other examples of forced assimilation include -[Norway](/wiki/Norway "Norway"), where a law was passed in 1896 -permitting the state to remove children from their parents and place -them in state institutions.^[[145]](#cite_note-145)^ This resulted in -some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th -century.^[[146]](#cite_note-146)^ - -Contemporary issues[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Contemporary issues")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Roma estimate percentage of population in European -countries^[[147]](#cite_note-Roma-in-Europe-147)^ - -**Country** - -**Percent** - -[Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") - - - -10.33% - -[Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") - - - -9.17% - -[Romania](/wiki/Romania "Romania") - - - -8.32% - -[Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia") - - - -8.18% - -[Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") - - - -7.05% - -[Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") - - - -3.83% - -[Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania") - - - -3.18% - -[Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") - - - -2.95% - -[Moldova](/wiki/Moldova "Moldova") - - - -2.49% - -[Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") - - - -2.47% - -[Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") - - - -1.96% - -[Spain](/wiki/Spain "Spain") - - - -1.62% - -[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo") - - - -1.47% - -[](/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png) - -[](/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png "Enlarge") - -Distribution of the Romani people in Europe (2007 [Council of -Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe") "average -estimates", totalling 9.8 million)^[[148]](#cite_note-148)^ - -[](/wiki/File:Roma_settlement_at_Letanovsk%C3%BD_Mlyn.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Roma_settlement_at_Letanovsk%C3%BD_Mlyn.jpg "Enlarge") - -The [Romani -settlement](/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements "List of Romani settlements") -at Letanovský Mlyn, Slovakia - -Main article: [Modern -Antiziganism](/wiki/Modern_Antiziganism "Modern Antiziganism") - -Discrimination against the Romani people has continued to the present -day,^[[149]](#cite_note-149)^^[[150]](#cite_note-150)^ although efforts -are being made to address them.^[[151]](#cite_note-151)^ [Amnesty -International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") -reports continued instances of -[Antizigan](/wiki/Antiziganism "Antiziganism") discrimination during the -20th Century, particularly in Romania, Serbia,^[[152]](#cite_note-152)^ -[Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia"),^[[153]](#cite_note-153)^ -[Hungary](/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"),^[[154]](#cite_note-154)^ -[Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia"),^[[155]](#cite_note-155)^ and -[Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo").^[[156]](#cite_note-156)^ The European -Union has recognized that the discrimination the Romani people face -needs to be addressed and with the national Roma integration strategy -they are encouraging member states to work towards greater Romani -inclusion and upholding the [rights of the Romani in the European -union](/wiki/Rights_of_the_Roma_in_the_European_Union "Rights of the Roma in the European Union").^[[157]](#cite_note-157)^ - -The Romanis of Kosovo have been severely persecuted by ethnic Albanians -since the end of the [Kosovo War](/wiki/Kosovo_War "Kosovo War"), and -the region's Romani community is regarded to be for the most part -annihilated.^[[158]](#cite_note-158)^ - -Czechoslovakia carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, -starting in 1973.^[[159]](#cite_note-159)^ The dissidents of the -[Charter 77](/wiki/Charter_77 "Charter 77") denounced it in 1977-78 as a -[genocide](/wiki/Genocide "Genocide"), but the practice continued -through the [Velvet -Revolution](/wiki/Velvet_Revolution "Velvet Revolution") of -1989.^[[160]](#cite_note-160)^ A 2005 report by the Czech government's -independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of -coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal -investigations and possible prosecution against several health care -workers and administrators.^[[161]](#cite_note-161)^ - -In 2008, following the brutal rape and subsequent murder of an Italian -woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani -encampment,^[[162]](#cite_note-162)^ the Italian government declared -that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and -that swift action was required to address the *emergenza nomadi* (*nomad -emergency*).^[[163]](#cite_note-163)^ Specifically, officials in the -Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising -crime rates in urban areas. One police raid in 2007 freed many of the -children belonging to a Romani gang who used to steal by day, and who -were locked in a shed by night by members of the -gang.^[[164]](#cite_note-164)^ - -The 2008 [deaths of Cristina and Violetta -Djeordsevic](/wiki/Death_of_Cristina_and_Violetta_Djeordsevic "Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic"), -two Roma children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained -unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between -Italians and the Roma people. Reviewing the state of play in 2012, one -Belgian magazine observed: - -> On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant -> proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable -> conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the -> only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In -> 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist -> parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, [Václav -> Havel](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel "Václav Havel") prophetically remarked -> that "the treatment of the Roma is a litmus test for democracy": and -> democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition -> to capitalism have been disastrous for the Roma. Under communism they -> had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many -> are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with -> impunity.^[[165]](#cite_note-MO_2012-165)^ - -### Forced repatriation[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Forced repatriation")] - -Main article: [French Romani -repatriation](/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation "French Romani repatriation") - -In the summer of 2010 French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal -Roma camps and began the [process of -repatriating](/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation "French Romani repatriation") -their residents to their countries of origin.^[[166]](#cite_note-166)^ -This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, -which had been heightened after French police opened fire and killed a -traveller who drove through a police checkpoint, hitting an officer, and -attempted to hit two more officers at another checkpoint. In retaliation -a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police -station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and -burned three cars.^[[167]](#cite_note-167)^^[[168]](#cite_note-168)^ The -French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to -pursue its political agenda.^[[169]](#cite_note-169)^ EU Justice -Commissioner [Viviane Reding](/wiki/Viviane_Reding "Viviane Reding") -stated that the [European -Commission](/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") should take -legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a -disgrace". Purportedly, a leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the -[Interior -Ministry](/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France) "Minister of the Interior (France)") -to regional police chiefs included the instruction: "Three hundred camps -or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps -are a priority."^[[170]](#cite_note-170)^ - -Fictional representations[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Fictional representations")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[](/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh-_The_Caravans_-_Gypsy_Camp_near_Arles.JPG) - -[](/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh-_The_Caravans_-_Gypsy_Camp_near_Arles.JPG "Enlarge") - -[Vincent van Gogh](/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh "Vincent van Gogh"): *The -Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles* (1888, oil on canvas) - -Main article: [Fictional representations of Romani -people](/wiki/Fictional_representations_of_Romani_people "Fictional representations of Romani people") - -Many fictional depictions of Romani people in literature and art present -romanticized narratives of their supposed mystical powers of [fortune -telling](/wiki/Fortune_telling "Fortune telling") or their supposed -irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of -freedom and a habit of criminality. Particularly notable are classics -like the story *[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_(novella) "Carmen (novella)")* by -[Prosper Mérimée](/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e "Prosper Mérimée") and -the [opera based on it](/wiki/Carmen "Carmen") by [Georges -Bizet](/wiki/Georges_Bizet "Georges Bizet"), [Victor -Hugo](/wiki/Victor_Hugo "Victor Hugo")'s *[The Hunchback of Notre -Dame](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame")*, -[Herge](/wiki/Herge "Herge")'s *[The Castafiore -Emerald](/wiki/The_Castafiore_Emerald "The Castafiore Emerald")* and -[Miguel de Cervantes](/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes "Miguel de Cervantes")' -*La Gitanilla*. - -The Romani were also heavily romanticized in the [Soviet -Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), a classic example being the -1975 *[Tabor ukhodit v -Nebo](/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gypsies "Queen of the Gypsies")*. A more -realistic depiction of contemporary [Romani in the -Balkans](/wiki/Romani_in_the_Balkans "Romani in the Balkans"), featuring -Romani lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although still -playing with established clichés of a Romani penchant for both magic and -crime, was presented by [Emir -Kusturica](/wiki/Emir_Kusturica "Emir Kusturica") in his *[Time of the -Gypsies](/wiki/Time_of_the_Gypsies "Time of the Gypsies")* (1988) and -*[Black Cat, White -Cat](/wiki/Black_Cat,_White_Cat "Black Cat, White Cat")* (1998). The -films of [Tony Gatlif](/wiki/Tony_Gatlif "Tony Gatlif"), a French -director of Romani ethnicity, like *Les Princes* (1983), *[Latcho -Drom](/wiki/Latcho_Drom "Latcho Drom")* (1993) and *[Gadjo -Dilo](/w/index.php?title=Gadjo_Dilo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gadjo Dilo (page does not exist)")* -(1997) also portray gypsy life. - -[](/wiki/File:Carmen_(Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra)_(4568143185).jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg) - -[](/wiki/File:Time_of_the_Gypsies.jpg) - -[Carmen](/wiki/Carmen_(novella) "Carmen (novella)"), -[Esmeralda](/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame "The Hunchback of Notre Dame") -and [Time of the -Gypsies](/wiki/Time_of_the_Gypsies "Time of the Gypsies") - -### In contemporary literature[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: In contemporary literature")] - -The Romani ethnicity is often used for characters in contemporary -fantasy literature. In such literature, the Romani are often portrayed -as possessing archaic occult knowledge passed down through the ages. -This frequent use of the ethnicity has given rise to 'gypsy archetypes' -in popular contemporary -literature.^[*[citation\\ needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*]^ -A UK example is the Freya Trilogy by [Elizabeth -Arnold](/wiki/Elizabeth_Arnold_(children%27s_writer) "Elizabeth Arnold (children's writer)"). - -See also[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: See also")] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - [](/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg) [Romani people portal](/wiki/Portal:Romani_people "Portal:Romani people") - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ -| - [Antiziganism] | - [Rajasthani | General | Lists | -| (/wiki/Antiziganis | people](/wiki/ | - [Nomadic | - [List of | -| m "Antiziganism") | Rajasthani_people | peoples of | Romani | -| - [Balkan | "Rajasthani people | Europe](/wiki/ | groups](/wiki/ | -| Egyptians and | ") | Nomadic_peoples_of | List_of_Romani_gro | -| the | - [Romani people | _Europe "Nomadic p | ups "List of Roman | -| Ashkali](/wiki | by | eoples of Europe") | i groups") | -| /Balkan_Egyptians | country](/wiki | - [Nomadic | - [List of | -| "Balkan Egyptians" | /Romani_people_by_ | tribes in | Romani | -| ) | country "Romani pe | India](/wiki/N | people](/wiki/ | -| | ople by country") | omadic_tribes_in_I | List_of_Romani_peo | -| - [Dom | - [Timeline of | ndia "Nomadic trib | ple "List of Roman | -| people](/wiki/ | Romani | es in India") | i people") | -| Dom_people "Dom pe | history](/wiki | | - [List of | -| ople") | /Timeline_of_Roman | Advocacy | Romani | -| - [Great Gypsy | i_history "Timelin | - [Decade of | settlements](/ | -| Round-up](/wik | e of Romani histor | Roma | wiki/List_of_Roman | -| i/Great_Gypsy_Roun | y") | Inclusion](/wi | i_settlements "Lis | -| d-up "Great Gypsy | - [Origin of the | ki/Decade_of_Roma_ | t of Romani settle | -| Round-up") | Romani | Inclusion "Decade | ments") | -| - [King of the | people](/wiki/ | of Roma Inclusion" | | -| Gypsies](/wiki | Origin_of_the_Roma | ) | | -| /King_of_the_Gypsi | ni_people "Origin | - [European Roma | | -| es "King of the Gy | of the Romani peop | Rights | | -| psies") | le") | Centre](/wiki/ | | -| - [R. v. | - [Zott](/wiki/Z | European_Roma_Righ | | -| Krymowski](/wi | ott "Zott") | ts_Centre "Europea | | -| ki/R._v._Krymowski | | n Roma Rights Cent | | -| "R. v. Krymowski" | | re") | | -| ) | | - [Gypsy Lore | | -| - [List of | | Society](/wiki | | -| Romani | | /Gypsy_Lore_Societ | | -| people](/wiki/ | | y "Gypsy Lore Soci | | -| List_of_Romani_peo | | ety") | | -| ple "List of Roman | | - [International | | -| i people") | | Romani | | -| - [Lom | | Union](/wiki/I | | -| people](/wiki/ | | nternational_Roman | | -| Lom_people "Lom pe | | i_Union "Internati | | -| ople") | | onal Romani Union" | | -| - [Lyuli](/wiki/ | | ) | | -| Lyuli "Lyuli") | | | | -+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ - -References[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: References")] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -Notes - -1. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-1)** - ["Rom"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/250432/Rom). - Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "According to - [Encyclopaedia - Britannica](/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica "Encyclopaedia Britannica"), - estimates of the total world Romani population range from two - million to five million." -2. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Online - version"](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy). - Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: - Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL - International. [Ian Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock")'s 1987 - estimate for "all Gypsies in the world" was 6 to 11 million." -3. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-3)** ["EU demands action to tackle Roma - poverty"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975). *BBC - News*. 2011-04-05. -4. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-time_4-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-time_4-1) Webley, Kayla (October 13, 2010). - ["Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low - Profile"](http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html). - *Time*. "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at - about one million." -5. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-5)** The Special Secretariat for the - Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" - (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 - [IBGE](/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics "Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics") - Brazilian National Census encountered gypsy camps in 291 of Brazil's - 5,565 municipalities.["Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é - desafio para o - governo"](http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html). - R7. 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-22. -6. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-6)** ["The Situation of Roma in - Spain"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf) - (PDF). Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from [the - original](http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf) - on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "The Spanish government - estimates the number of *Gitanos* at a maximum of 650,000." -7. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Rezultatele finale ale - Recensământului din 2011 - Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – - judeţe, municipii, oraşe, - comune"](http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls) - (in Romanian). [National Institute of Statistics - (Romania)](/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania) "National Institute of Statistics (Romania)"). - 5 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013. However, various - organizations claim that there are 2 million Romanis in Romania. See - [[1]](http://www.gandul.info/news/recensamant-2011-doua-treimi-dintre-romi-se-declara-romani-700-000-2-000-000-3-000-000-cati-romi-traiesc-in-romania-8883047) -8. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Turkey_8-0)** ["Roma rights organizations - work to ease prejudice in - Turkey"](http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46ef87ab32.html). - EurasiaNet. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "There are - officially about 500,000 Roma in Turkey." -9. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Situation of Roma in France at - crisis - proportions"](http://www.euractiv.com/en/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507). - EurActiv Network. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "The Romani - population in France is officially estimated at around 500,000." -10. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Population By Districts And Ethnic - Group As Of 01.03.2001"](http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Ethnos.htm). - 05.01.2004. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Census 2001 in Bulgaria: 370,908 - Roma" Check date values in: - `|date=`{style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"} - ([help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date "Help:CS1 errors")) -11. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Population by national/ethnic - groups"](http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/4/load01_11_0.html). - Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Census - 2001 in Hungary: 205,720 Roma/Bea" -12. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-12)** ["The Romani population in Greece is - officially estimated at - 200,000"](http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id=99). Hellenic - Republic National Commission For Human Rights. Retrieved 2010-09-15. - "Census 2001 in Hungary: 205,720 Roma/Bea" -13. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-13)** [Census 2001 in - Slovakia](http://sodb.infostat.sk/scitanie/eng/2001/format.htm) -14. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-14)** ["National Composition Of Population - And Citizenship"](http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-1.xls) - (Excel). perepis2002.ru. Retrieved 2010-09-16. "Census 2002 in - Russia: 182,766 Roma." -15. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-15)** - [http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija\_Knjiga1.pdf](http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf) -16. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-16)** [Demographics of - Italy\#Languages](/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy#Languages "Demographics of Italy") - Estimated by *Ministero degli Interni del Governo Italiano.* -17. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-17)** - [[2]](http://www.berlin-institut.org/online-handbuchdemografie/bevoelkerungsdynamik/regionale-dynamik/roma-in-deutschland.html) - Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung: Roma in Deutschland -18. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-18)** - [[3]](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme) - Ethnologue.com -19. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-19)** ["The 2002-census reported 53,879 - Roma and 3,843 - 'Egyptians'"](http://www.stat.gov.mk/english/glavna_eng.asp?br=18). - Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office. Retrieved - 2010-09-17. -20. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Catemaco - gypsies"](http://www.catemaco.info/5a/catemaco/hungaros.html). - Catemaco.info. Retrieved 2013-03-12. -21. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-21)** [Sametingen. Information about - minorities in Sweden](http://minoritet.prod3.imcms.net/1013) - (Swedish) -22. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-22)** [State statistics committee of - Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 - census](http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5) - (Ukrainian) -23. \^ [Jump up to: - ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Gall.2C_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316.2C_318_23-2) - Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily - Life: Vol. 4 - Europe. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications - Development (1998); pp. 316, 318 : "Religion: An underlay of - Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host - country religion) "; "Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. - Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a - 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', - the worship of a god through his female consort... " -24. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-24)** Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*How Indian - are Romanies, p. - XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20#v=onepage&q=Indian&f=false). - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). - Retrieved 2014-03-12. "While a nine century' removal from India has - diluted Indian biological cconnection to the extent that for some - Romanian groups, it may be hardy representative today, Sarren - (1976:72) concluded that, we still remain together, genetically, to - Asian than European around us;" -25. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-25)** Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the - Romani People, p. - XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20#v=onepage&q&f=false). - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). - Retrieved 2008-07-31. "There are Romanies everywhere, even in China - or Singapore, but by far the greatest number live in Europe and in - North and South America." -26. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_intro_26-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_intro_26-1) Kenrick, Donald (2007). - *Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)* (2nd ed.). - Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. "The Gypsies, or Romanies, are an ethnic - group that arrived in Europe around the 14th century. Scholars argue - about when and how they left India, but it is generally accepted - that they did emigrate from northern India some time between the 6th - and 11th centuries, then crossed the Middle East and came into - Europe." -27. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-What_is_Domari_27-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-What_is_Domari_27-1) Professor Yaron Matras - (December 2012). - ["Domari"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/21_domari.shtml). - *[romani] project*. School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures - The University of Manchester. Retrieved 26 December 2012. "The two - were once thought to be ‘sister languages’ which split after leaving - the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the - differences between them are much older. The Dom and the Rom are - therefore more likely to be descendents of different migration - waves, sharing primarily a caste-identity, but not necessarily a - language. There are however some remarkable similarities between - Romani and Domari, which appear to suggest a similar history." -28. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-28)** Corrêa Teixeira, Rodrigo. ["A - historia dos ciganos no - Brasil"](http://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf) - (PDF). Archived from [the - original](http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf) on - July 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29. -29. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-29)** Sutherland, Ann, "Gypsies: The Hidden - Americans", \# Waveland Press (July 1986)\# [ISBN - 0-88133-235-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881332356), \# [ISBN - 978-0-88133-235-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881332353) -30. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-30)** Yaron Matras (2002). [*Romani: A - Linguistic - Introduction*](http://books.google.com/books?id=D4IIi0Ha3V4C&pg=PA238&dq=number+speakers+of+Romani). - Cambridge University Press. p. 239. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-521-63165-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"). - Retrieved 2009-07-16. -31. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-31)** - ["Romani"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf) - (PDF). *Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics*. Oxford: Elsevier. - p. 1. Retrieved 2009-08-30. "In some regions of Europe, especially - the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia), - Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of - the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary - as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), - Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as - Para-Romani varieties." -32. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-words_32-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-words_32-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-words_32-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-words_32-3) [Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, - Travellers...The Correct Terminology about - Roma](http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma) - at In Other WORDS project - Web Observatory & Review for - Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction -33. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XIX_33-0)** - Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. - XIX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR19,M1). - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). - Retrieved 2008-07-31 . -34. \^ [Jump up to: - ^***a***^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI_34-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XXI_34-1) Hancock, - Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. - XXI*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR21,M1). - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). - Retrieved 2008-07-31 . -35. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-35)** p. 52 in Elena Marushiakova and - Vesselin Popov's "Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, - Roma, Sinti" in Will Guy [ed.] Between Past and Future: The Roma of - Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock], - 2001, UK: University of Hertfordshire Press. -36. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-36)** p. 13 in Illona Klimova-Alexander's - The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State - Actors (2005, Burlington, VT.: Ashgate). -37. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-37)** Xavier Rothéa. ["Les Roms, une nation - sans - territoire?"](http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html) - (in French). Retrieved 2008-07-31. -38. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Garner_38-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Garner_38-1) Bryan A. Garner (2011). - [*Garner's Dictionary of Legal - Usage*](http://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400). - Oxford University Press. pp. 400–. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-19-538420-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8"). -39. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Dictionaryof2002_39-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Dictionaryof2002_39-1) Guido Bolaffi (2003). - [*Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and - Culture*](http://books.google.com/books?id=Tlc5lTCfuXwC&pg=PA291). - SAGE Publications. pp. 291–. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-7619-6900-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6900-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6900-6"). -40. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-40)** O'Nions, Helen (2007). [*Minority - rights protection in international law: the Roma of - Europe*](http://books.google.com/?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6&dq=%22In+Eastern+Europe+the+term+Rom+is+clearly+preferred%22#v=onepage&q=%22In%20Eastern%20Europe%20the%20term%20Rom%20is%20clearly%20preferred%22&f=false). - Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 6. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [9781409490920](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409490920 "Special:BookSources/9781409490920"). -41. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-We-Are-the-Romani-People-Pg-XX_41-0)** - Hancock, Ian F (2002). [*We Are the Romani People, p. - XX*](http://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PP1#PPR20,M1). - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-902806-19-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"). - Retrieved 2008-07-31 . -42. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-42)** ["Dom: The Gypsy community in - Jerusalem"](http://imeu.net/news/article004439.shtml). The Institute - for Middle East Understanding. February 13, 2007. Retrieved - 2010-09-17. -43. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-43)** *Douglas Harper* (February 13, 2007). - ["Etymology of - Romani"](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Romany). Online - Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-09-17. -44. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Soulis_44-0)** Soulis, G. (1961). The - Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle - Ages. *Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Trustees for Harvard University*, 15, - 141-165. -45. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-White_1999_45-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-White_1999_45-1) White, Karin (1999). - ["Metal-workers, agriculturists, acrobats, military-people and - fortune-tellers: Roma (Gypsies) in and around the Byzantine - empire"](http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/72karin.html). - *Golden Horn* **7** (2). Retrieved 2007-08-26. -46. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Fraser1992_46-0)** Fraser 1992. -47. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-47)** Hancock, Ian (1995). *A Handbook of - Vlax Romani*. Slavica Publishers. p. 17. -48. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Thenew2007_48-0)** Terry Victor; Tom - Dalzell (1 December 2007). [*The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of - Slang and Unconventional - English*](http://books.google.com/books?id=GIuEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA314). - Routledge. pp. 314–. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-134-61534-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61534-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61534-6"). -49. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-MerriamWebsterpocket1998_49-0)** - *Merriam-Webster's pocket guide to English usage*. Springfield, MA: - Merriam-Webster. 1998. p. 178. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0877795142](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877795142 "Special:BookSources/0877795142"). -50. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Garner2009_50-0)** Bryan Garner (28 July - 2009). [*Garner's Modern American - Usage*](http://books.google.com/books?id=Sd3byNeBdR4C&pg=PT1740). - Oxford University Press. pp. 1740–. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-19-987462-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987462-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987462-0"). -51. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Baskin_51-0)** Baskin, [by] H.E. Wedeck - with the assistance of Wade. *Dictionary of gypsy life and lore*. - New York: Philosophical Library. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0806529857](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806529857 "Special:BookSources/0806529857"). -52. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-RomaReport_52-0)** [Report in Roma - Educational Needs in - Ireland](http://www.paveepoint.ie/pdf/Roma_Report.pdf) -53. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-53)** [American Heritage Dictionary of the - English Language, Fourth Edition, definition 1 and - 2](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy) -54. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-54)** [American Heritage Dictionary of the - English Language, Fourth Edition, definition 3 and - 4](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=gypsy) -55. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Starr_55-0)** Starr, J. (1936). An Eastern - Christian Sect: the Athinganoi. *Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Trustees for - Harvard University*, 29, 93-106. -56. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-56)** Bates, Karina. ["A Brief History of - the - Rom"](http://web.archive.org/web/20070810161445/http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html). - Archived from [the - original](http://www.sca.org/ti/articles/2002/issue144/rom.html) on - 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-08-26. -57. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-57)** ["Book - Reviews"](http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/9Y2PJM6YAYT1UVHW.pdf) - (PDF). *Population Studies* **48** (2): 365–372. July 1994. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1080/0032472031000147856](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0032472031000147856). -58. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-58)** - ["gitan"](http://www.academie-francaise.fr/dictionnaire/) (in - French). [Dictionnaire de l'Académie - française](/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française"). - Retrieved 2007-08-26. "Nom donné aux bohémiens d'Espagne ; par ext., - synonyme de Bohémien, Tzigane. Adjt. Une robe gitane." -59. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-59)** 3.8 million according to Pan and - Pfeil, *National Minorities in Europe* (2004), [ISBN - 978-3-7003-1443-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783700314431), p. 27f. -60. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-60)** [Council of - Europe](http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp) - compilation of population estimates -61. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-61)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – - Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The endless and - countless number of designations which were and still are given to - individual groups of Roma during the course of their extra-Indian - history is a result of the Indian archetype of caste - (kinship-professional) reproduction and, in addition, the movement - of the Roma to different political and ethno-linguistic milieus of - Asia, Europe, America and Australia." -62. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-62)** Horvátová, Jana (2002). [*Kapitoly z - dějin Romů* [*Chapters from Romani - history*]](http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf) - (in český). Praha: Lidové noviny. p. 12. "Mnohočetnost romských - skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních - indických kast a podkast. / The multitude of Roma groups is - apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and - subcastes." -63. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-63)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – - Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "A basic, probably the - most original and in its way all-inclusive autonymum is the ethnic - name (ethnonymum) Rom." -64. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-64)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – - Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Although today, Roma - living in various lands around the world use different "autonyma" - for their societies (Sinti, Kale, Manouche, etc.), all acknowledge a - common origin and basic identity with Roma. This is mainly so with - reference to the Rom-Gadžo (non-Rom) dichotomy." -65. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-3) - [^***e***^](#cite_ref-jurova_endonyma_65-4) Jurová, Anna (2003). - ["From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation - Measures"](http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf). - In Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom. *ČAČIPEN PAL - O ROMA - A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia* (Slovak Republic: - Institute for Public Affairs): 17. Retrieved September 7, 2013. "the - Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the - Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale - in Finland." -66. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-66)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – - Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Kale is an autonymous - term used by Roma in Finland." -67. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Milena_2003_67-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Milena_2003_67-1) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). - ["Roma – Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "Spanish and Finnish Cale - / Kale probably have nothing in common; their identical autonymum is - a coincidence." -68. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_cale_68-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_cale_68-1) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). - ["Roma – Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The name Cale - (pronounced something like "Calley") in itself designates the Roma - of Spain. (...) this term, which means "black" (...)" -69. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-69)** Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). ["Roma – - Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The Spanish Cale use the - term Cale for their language. The Cale language is para-Romani" -70. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-70)** ["The Legend of the Romani Cymreig / - Welsh Romani"](http://www.valleystream.co.uk/romany-welsh%20.htm). - *Romani Cymru - Romany Wales Project*. ValleyStream Media. - 1980–2010. "The Kale, who became the Welsh Gypsies, probably came - from Spain, through France and landed in Cornwall, eventually making - their way to Wales." -71. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-rombase_manush_71-2) Milena, Hübshmanová - (2003). ["Roma – Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "A sub-group of Sinti are - the Manouche. They live mainly in France. The etymology of the name - Manouche is Indian. The term manouche means a human being (in - Sanskrit, in neo-Indian languages and in Romani)." -72. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-72)** Jurová, Anna (2003). ["From Leaving - The Homeland to the First Assimilation - Measures"](http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf). - In Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom. *ČAČIPEN PAL - O ROMA - A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia* (Slovak Republic: - Institute for Public Affairs): 17. Retrieved September 7, 2013. "The - word “manush” is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means - man, while “Manusha” equals people. This word has the same form and - meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian - languages." -73. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_sinti_73-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_sinti_73-1) Milena, Hübshmanová - (2003). ["Roma – Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. "The autonymum Sinti - (pl.) (Sinto, m. sing.; Sintica, f. sing.) is used by members of an - important Roma society, the greatest number of whom live in Germany. - Hence, one of the exonymous terms for Sinti is "German Gypsies / - Roma". Although the Sinti do not speak of themselves as Roma, they - say they speak romanes." -74. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-74)** Teaching Tolerance. ["Romani - Diversity | Teaching - Tolerance"](http://www.tolerance.org/supplement/romani-diversity). - Tolerance.org. Retrieved 2013-12-10. -75. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-75)** *Dicţionarul etimologic român* (The - Etymological Dictionary of the Romanian language), quoted in - [DEX-online](http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar) (see - [lemma](/wiki/Lemma_(morphology) "Lemma (morphology)") *rudár, - rudári, s.m.* followed by both definitions: *gold miner" and "wood - crafter")* -76. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech - variety - \#16036)"](http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036). - Globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2013-12-10. -77. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Romani language and - alphabet"](http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm). - Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10. -78. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-3) - [^***e***^](#cite_ref-rombase_list_78-4) Milena, Hübshmanová (2003). - ["Roma – Sub Ethnic - Groups"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names-list.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. -79. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-79)** - ["Culture"](http://www.middleeastgypsies.com/culture.html). - Middleeastgypsies.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10. -80. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-80)** [New Ethnic Identities in the - Balkans: The Case of the - Egyptians](http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2001/pas2001-05.pdf) -81. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Isabel_81-2) [Isabel Mendizabal and 21 others, - "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from - Genome-wide - Data"](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602), - *Current Biology*, Available online 6 December 2012, accessed 12 - December 2012 -82. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-3) [^***e***^](#cite_ref-Comas_82-4) - "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India", *New York Times*, 11 - December 2012. Findings recently reported also in *Current Biology*. -83. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-83)** Milena Hübschmannová (2002). ["Origin - of - Roma"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/hist/origin/origin.en.xml). - *ROMBASE*. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Retrieved 3 September - 2013. -84. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-84)** Yaron Matras (2002). [*Romani: a - linguistic - introduction*](http://books.google.com/books?id=D4IIi0Ha3V4C&pg=PA238&dq=number+speakers+of+Romani). - Cambridge University Press. p. 14. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-521-63165-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"). - Retrieved 2009-07-16. "There is no known record of a migration from - India to Europe in medieval times that can be connected indisputably - with the ancestors of today’s Romani-speaking population." -85. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Gresham2001_85-0)** David Gresham and - others (December 2001). ["Origins and Divergence of the Roma - (Gypsies)"](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543/). - *The American Journal of Human Genetics* **69** (6): 1314–1331. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1086/324681](http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F324681). - [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). - [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1235543). -86. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Isabel2012_86-0)** [Isabel Mendizabal and - 21 others, "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani - from Genome-wide - Data"](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602), - *Current Biology* -87. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-87)** [Stephanie Pappas, Origin of the - Romani - people](http://www.livescience.com/25294-origin-romani-people.html) -88. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Jatt_mutation_88-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Jatt_mutation_88-1) [Jatt mutation found in - Romani - populations](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146142.php) -89. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-89)** Ali, Manir et al. (2009). "Null - Mutations in LTBP2 Cause Primary Congenital Glaucoma". *The American - Journal of Human Genetics* **84** (5): 664–671. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2009.03.017). -90. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-radoc.net_90-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-radoc.net_90-1) - [http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art\_b\_history\_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=en&articles=true) -91. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-GYPSY_i_91-0)** Digard, Jean-Pierre. - ["GYPSY i. Gypies of - Persia"](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-i). - *Encyclopædia Iranica*. Retrieved 2013-07-22. -92. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-mluvnice_92-0)** Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, - Edita (1998). [*Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické - účely)*](http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf). - Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí - nad Labem: p. 4. [ISBN - 80-7044-205-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/8070442050). -93. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-hub1995_93-0)** Hübschmannová, Milena - (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o - romském jazyku". *Bulletin Muzea romské kultury* (Brno: Muzeum - romské kultury) (4/1995). "Zatímco romská lexika je bližší - hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře - nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou." -94. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-mat2002_domari_94-0)** Matras, Yaron - (2002). *Romani: A Linguistic Introduction*, Cambridge: Cambridge - University Press. [ISBN - 0-521-02330-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521023300) -95. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-95)** Matras, Yaron (2006). - ["Domari"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Domari_ELL2.pdf). - In Keith Brown. *Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics* (Second - ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. "The morphology of the two languages is - similar in other respects: Both retain the old present conjugation - in the verb (Domari kar-ami ‘I do’), and consonantal endings of the - oblique nominal case (Domari mans-as ‘man.OBL’, mans-an ‘men.OBL’), - and both show agglutination of secondary (Layer II) case endings - (Domari mans-as-ka ‘for the man’). It had therefore been assumed - that Romani and Domari derived form the same ancestor idiom, and - split only after leaving the Indian subcontinent." -96. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-ROMANI_ORIGINS_96-0)** ["On romani origins - and - identity"](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true). - Retrieved 2008-07-23 -97. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-97)** after [Ian - Hancock](/wiki/Ian_Hancock "Ian Hancock"), *On Romani Origins and - Identity*, RADOC - (2007)[[4]](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true) -98. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-98)** - [http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html](http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html) -99. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-99)** Rai N, Chaubey G, Tamang R, Pathak - AK, Singh VK, et al. (2012) ["The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome - Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the - European Romani - Populations"](http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477), - *PLoS ONE* 7(11): e48477. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1371/journal.pone.0048477](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477) -100. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-100)** Ian Hancock. *Ame Sam e Rromane - Džene/We are the Romani people*. p. 13. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [1-902806-19-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902806-19-0 "Special:BookSources/1-902806-19-0"). -101. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_101-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_101-1) Luba Kalaydjieva; - Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2001). ["Genetic studies of the - Roma (Gypsies): A - review"](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5). *BMC Medical - Genetics* **2**: 5. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1186/1471-2350-2-5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5). - [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [31389](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389). - [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [11299048](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11299048). - Retrieved 2008-06-16. -102. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Figure - 4"](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5/figure/F4). - Biomedcentral.com. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1186/1471-2350-2-5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5). - Retrieved 2009-05-06. -103. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-David_Gresham_103-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-David_Gresham_103-1) Gresham, D; Morar, B; - Underhill, PA; Passarino, G; Lin, AA; Wise, C; Angelicheva, D; - Calafell, F; Oefner, PJ; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; De Pablo, - Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, - Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (2001). ["Origins and - Divergence of the Roma - (Gypsies)"](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). - *American Journal of Human Genetics* **69** (6): 1314–31. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1086/324681](http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F324681). - [PMC](/wiki/PubMed_Central "PubMed Central") [1235543](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543). - [PMID](/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier") [11704928](//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704928) . -104. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_104-0)** ["Mutation history - of the Roma-Gypsies"](http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15322984). - Retrieved 2008-06-16 . -105. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-105)** Ali, Manir et al. (2009). "Null - Mutations in LTBP2 Cause Primary Congenital Glaucoma". *The American - Journal of Human Genetics* **84** (5): 664–671. - [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"):[10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.03.017](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2009.03.017). -106. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-106)** Michael Jan de Goeje, *Mémoire sur - les migrations des Tsiganes à travers l’Asie*, Leyden, 1883. -107. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-107)** *Searching for the origin of - Romanies* - [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18768723](http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18768723) -108. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-108)** McDougall, Dan (17 Aug 2008). - ["'Why do the Italians hate - us?'"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/17/familyandrelationships.roma). - *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved - 2013-05-10. -109. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-109)** Ian F. Hancock, Siobhan Dowd, Rajko - Djurić (2004). *The Roads of the Roma: a PEN anthology of Gypsy - Writers*. Hatfield, United Kingdom: University of Hertfordshire - Press. pp. 14–15. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0-900458-90-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900458-90-9 "Special:BookSources/0-900458-90-9"). -110. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-110)** - ["Romani"](http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf) - (PDF). *Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics*. Oxford: Elsevier. - Retrieved 2009-08-30. -111. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-111)** Mendizabal et. al (2012) "Our - results further indicate that after a rapid migration with moderate - gene flow from the Near or Middle East, the European spread of the - Romani people was via the Balkans starting ∼0.9 kya." -112. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-112)** Anfuso, Linda (1994-02-24). - "[[at](news:PaN9Hc2w165w) tinhat.stonemarche.org gypsies]". - [rec.org.sca](news:rec.org.sca). [Web - link](http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html). - Retrieved 2007-08-26. -113. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-113)** *Bright Balkan morning: Romani - lives & the power of music in Greek Macedonia,* Charles Keil et al, - 2002, - [p.108](http://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Feudum+Acinganorum%22&hl=en&ei=bXJWTbyIH9C74gbYgq3xBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Feudum%20Acinganorum%22&f=false) -114. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-114)** The Gypsies, Angus M. Fraser, 1995, - [pp.50-51](http://books.google.com/books?id=qHUdwpiYCtIC&pg=PA50&dq=%22Feudum+Acinganorum%22&hl=en&ei=bXJWTbyIH9C74gbYgq3xBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Feudum%20Acinganorum%22&f=false) -115. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-1) - [^***c***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-kenrick_115-3) Donald Kenrick, "Historical - Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)," Second Edition, Scarecrow - Press, 2007. -116. **[Jump up - \^](#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_387.E2.80.93388_116-0)** [Norman - Davies](/wiki/Norman_Davies "Norman Davies") (1996). *[Europe: A - History](/wiki/Europe:_A_History "Europe: A History")*. pp. 387–388. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [0-19-820171-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0 "Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"). -117. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-117)** Hancock, Ian, 2001, *Ame sam e - rromane džene* (We are the Romani People), New York: The Open - Society Institute, p. 25 -118. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-118)** [Delia Radu, "'On the Road': - Centuries of Roma - History"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136812.stm), BBC World - Service, 8 July 2009 -119. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Milton_estimates_119-0)** [Romanies and - the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an - Overview](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=true) -120. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-120)** ["United States Holocaust Memorial - Museum"](http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130). - Retrieved 2012-12-02. -121. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-hancock2005_121-0)** Hancock, Ian (2005). - ["True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an - overview"](http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=). - *The Historiography of the Holocaust*. [Palgrave - Macmillan](/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan "Palgrave Macmillan"). - pp. 383–396. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [1-4039-9927-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9927-9 "Special:BookSources/1-4039-9927-9") -122. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-122)** Denysenko, Marina (2007-03-12). - ["Sterilised Roma accuse - Czechs"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm). BBC News. -123. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-123)** Thomas, Jeffrey (2006-08-16). - ["Coercive Sterilization of Romani Women Examined at Hearing: New - report focuses on Czech Republic and - Slovakia"](http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/200608171045451CJsamohT0.678158.html). - *Washington File*. Bureau of International Information Programs, - U.S. Department of State. -124. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-124)** ["Romani Customs and Traditions: - Death Rituals and - Customs"](http://web.archive.org/web/20070821022337/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm). - Patrin Web Journal. Archived from [the - original](http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/death.htm) on - 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-08-26. -125. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-125)** David M. Knipe. ["The Journey of a - Lifebody"](http://www.hindugateway.com/library/rituals/). Retrieved - 2008-05-26. -126. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-126)** Hancock, Ian, 2001, Ame sam e - rromane džene / We are the Romani People, The Open Society - Institute, New York, page 81 -127. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-127)** Saul, Nicholas; Susan Tebbut - (2005). Nicholas Saul, Susan Tebbutt, ed. [*The role of the - Romanies: images and counter-images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in - European - cultures*](http://books.google.com/?id=AQw6qOCNj-UC&pg=PA218&dq=romanipen&cd=7#v=onepage&q=romanipen&f=false). - Liverpool University Press. p. 218. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-0-85323-689-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-689-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-689-4"). - Retrieved March 0310. -128. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-128)** ["Restless Beings Project: Roma - Engage"](http://www.restlessbeings.org/projects/roma-gypsies). - *restlessbeings*. Restless Beings. 2008–2012. Retrieved 26 December - 2012. -129. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-129)** ["BLESSED CEFERINO GIMENEZ MALLA - 1861-1936"](http://www.savior.org/saints/malla.htm). *Saviour.org – - Visit the Saviour*. Voveo Marketing Group. December 2012. Retrieved - 26 December 2012. -130. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-130)** Ronald Lee (2002). ["THE ROMANI - GODDESS KALI - SARA"](http://kopachi.com/articles/the-romani-goddess-kali-sara-by-ronald-lee/). - *Romano Kapachi*. Ronald Lee. Retrieved 26 December 2012. -131. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Cac_131-2) - ["Roma"](http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Roma.html#b). - *Countries and their Cultures*. Advameg, Inc. 2012. Retrieved 26 - December 2012. -132. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-1) [^***c***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-2) - [^***d***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-3) [^***e***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-4) - [^***f***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-5) [^***g***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-6) - [^***h***^](#cite_ref-Roma_132-7) Elena Marushiakova; Veselin Popov - (2012). ["Home - Culture - Roma Muslims in the - Balkans"](http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/culture/introduction/roma-muslims-in-the-balkans). - *Education of Roma Children in Europe*. Council of Europe. Retrieved - 26 December 2012. -133. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-133)** [Census 2002, by - religion](http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol1/tabele/t51a.pdf) - at insse.ro -134. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-134)** Joshua Project. ["Romani, Vlax, - Southern in Albania Ethnic People - Profile"](http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=AL&peo3=14567). - Joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2013-12-10. -135. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-family_135-0)** [Rootsworld artilcle: - *Cümbüş means fun, Birger Gesthuisen investigates the short history - of a 20th-century folk - instrument*.](http://www.rootsworld.com/turkey/cumbus.html) -136. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-136)** Halwachs, Dieter W. ["Speakers and - Numbers (distribution of Romani-speaking Romani population by - country)"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cd/data/lang/gen/data/numbers.en.pdf) - (PDF). Rombase. -137. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-137)** Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. (2005). - ["Caló: A language of - Spain"](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmr). - *Ethnologue: Languages of the World* (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL - International. - [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number") [978-1-55671-159-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-159-6"). -138. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-Achim_138-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-Achim_138-1) Viorel Achim, The Roma in - Romanian History, [Central European University - Press](/wiki/Central_European_University_Press "Central European University Press"), - Budapest, 2004, [ISBN - 963-9241-84-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241849) -139. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-139)** [Delia - Grigore](/wiki/Delia_Grigore "Delia Grigore"), Petre Petcuţ and - Mariana Sandu (2005). *Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani* - (in [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language")). - Bucharest: Sigma. p. 36. -140. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-140)** Ştefan Ştefănescu, *Istoria medie a - României*, Vol. I, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, Bucharest, - 1991 (Romanian) -141. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-timeline_141-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-timeline_141-1) ["Timeline of Romani - History"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071111142247/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm). - Patrin Web Journal. Archived from [the - original](http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm) on - 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2007-08-26. -142. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-142)** Most estimates for numbers of - Romani victims of the Holocaust fall between 200,000 and 500,000, - although figures ranging between 90,000 and 4 million have been - proposed. Lower estimates do not include those killed in all - Axis-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, - formerly senior historian at the [U.S. Holocaust Memorial - Museum](/wiki/U.S._Holocaust_Memorial_Museum "U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum") - gave a figure of at least a minimum of 220,000, probably higher, - possibly closer to 500,000 (cited in [Re. Holocaust Victim Assets - Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals, September 11, - 2000](http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/pub/rulings/cv/1996/685455.pdf)). - Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the - Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas - at Austin, argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 - and 1,500,000 in his 2004 article, [Romanies and the Holocaust: A - Reevaluation and an - Overview](http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-3-PORR.htm) as published - in Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) The Historiography of the Holocaust. - Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York. -143. \^ [Jump up to: ^***a***^](#cite_ref-samer_143-0) - [^***b***^](#cite_ref-samer_143-1) Samer, Helmut (December 2001). - ["Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age - of Enlightened - Absolutism"](http://romani.uni-graz.at/rombase/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/hist/modern/maria.en.xml). - *Rombase*. Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz. -144. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-144)** ["Gitanos. History and Cultural - Relations"](http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html). - World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-08-26. -145. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-145)** Kenrick, Donald. ["Roma in - Norway"](http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm). Patrin Web - Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-13. -146. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-146)** ["The Church of Norway and the Roma - of - Norway"](http://www2.wcc-coe.org/ccdocuments.nsf/index/plen-4.4-en.html). - [World Council of - Churches](/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches "World Council of Churches"). - 2002-09-03. -147. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-Roma-in-Europe_147-0)** ["Roma on the - rubbish - dump"](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/romania/10636448/Roma-on-the-rubbish-dump-British-religious-leaders-call-on-Romanian-mayor-to-reverse-forced-evictions.html). - [CIA World Factbook](/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook "CIA World Factbook"). - Retrieved 2014-02-21. -148. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-148)** ["Council of Europe - website"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090221234346/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp) - at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") - (archived February 21, 2009). European Roma and Travellers Forum - (ERTF). 2007. Archived from [the - original](http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/linkmissing_en.asp#P11_143) - on 2007-07-06. -149. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-149)** ["Demolita la "bidonville" di Ponte - Mammolo"](http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/demolita-bidonville-ponte-mammolo.html). - *[il Giornale](/wiki/Il_Giornale "Il Giornale")*. 2007-12-05. - Retrieved 2013-05-10. -150. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-150)** ["Fini: impossibile integrarsi con - chi - ruba"](http://www.corriere.it/politica/07_novembre_04/intervista_fini_impossibile_integrazione_rom.shtml). - *[Corriere della - Sera](/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera "Corriere della Sera")*. 4 Nov 2007. - Retrieved 2013-05-10. -151. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-151)** ["European effort spotlights plight - of the - Roma"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm). - *[USA Today](/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. 2005-02-01. Retrieved - 2013-05-10. -152. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-152)** ["Europe must break cycle of - discrimination facing - Roma"](http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/europe-must-break-cycle-discrimination-facing-roma-2010-04-06). - Amnesty International. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010. -153. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-153)** ["Amnesty - International"](http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma). - Web.amnesty.org. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-05-06. -154. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-154)** Colin Woodard (2008-02-13). - ["Hungary's anti-Roma militia - grows"](http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html). - *Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved 2010-09-15. -155. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-155)** ["roma | Human Rights Press - Point"](http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12). - Humanrightspoint.si. Retrieved 2009-05-06. -156. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-156)** ["Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: - Persecuted, driven out, - poisoned"](http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612). Gfbv.de. - Retrieved 2009-05-06. -157. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-157)** ["National Roma Integration - Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU - Framework"](http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/com2012_226_en.pdf). - European Commission. Retrieved 3 May 2014. -158. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-158)** Claude Cahn (2007). ["Birth of a - Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah - Minorities"](http://www.germanlawjournal.org/pdfs/Vol08No01/PDF_Vol_08_No_01_81-94_SI_Cahn.pdf). - *[German Law - Journal](/wiki/German_Law_Journal "German Law Journal")* **8** (1). - [ISSN](/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number "International Standard Serial Number") [2071-8322](//www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-8322). -159. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-159)** [Sterilised Roma accuse - Czechs](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm), - [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC"), 12 March 2007 (English) -160. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-160)** [For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern - Problem - Czech Practice Dates to Soviet - Era](http://newsdesk.org/2006/06/for_gypsies_eug/), - [Newsdesk](/wiki/Newsdesk "Newsdesk"), June 12, 2006 (English) -161. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-161)** ["Final Statement of the Public - Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in - Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial - Measures"](http://web.archive.org/web/20071128041045/http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400). - The Office of The Public Defender of Rights. December 23, 2005. - Archived from [the - original](http://www.ochrance.cz/en/dokumenty/dokument.php?doc=400) - on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2010-09-15. -162. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-162)** Hooper, John (November 2, 2007). - ["Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to - Romanians"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international). - *The Guardian* (London). -163. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-163)** de Zulueta, Tana (2009-03-30). - ["Italy's new - ghetto?"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/30/roma-taly). - *The Guardian* (London). -164. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-164)** Bagnall, Sam (2 September 2009). - ["How Gypsy gangs use child - thieves"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8226580.stm). BBC News. -165. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-MO_2012_165-0)** Hellen Kooijman (6 April - 2012). ["Bleak - horizon"](http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/1757331-bleak-horizon). - Presseurop. Retrieved 6 April 2012. -166. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-166)** ["France sends Roma Gypsies back to - Romania"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-1020429). BBC. - August 20, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-22. -167. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-167)** ["Troops patrol French village of - Saint-Aignan after - riot"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10681796). BBC. July - 19, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-22. -168. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-168)** ["Q&A: France Roma - expulsions"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288). BBC. - September 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-16. -169. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-169)** ["France Begins Controversial Roma - Deportations"](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,712701,00.html). - *Der Spiegel*. 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-08-20. -170. **[Jump up \^](#cite_ref-170)** ["EU may take legal action against - France over Roma"](http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307). - BBC News. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010. - -Bibliography - -(An extensive historical bibliography, "Gypsies in France, 1566–2011", -is available at [[5]](http://www.fyifrance.com/gypsybib.htm).) - -- Viorel Achim (2004). "The Roma in [Romanian - History](/wiki/History_of_Romania "History of Romania")." Budapest: - [Central European - University](/wiki/Central_European_University "Central European University") - Press. [ISBN 963-9241-84-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241849). -- Auzias, Claire. *Les funambules de l'histoire*. Baye: Éditions la - Digitale, 2002. -- De Soto, Hermine. *Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social - Exclusion to Social Inclusion*. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank - Publications, 2005. -- Fonseca, Isabel. *Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey*. - New York: A.A. Knopf, 1995. -- Fraser, Angus *The Gypsies* : Blackwell Publishers, Oxford UK, 1992 - [ISBN 0-631-15967-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631159673). -- Genner, Michael. *Spartakus*, 2 vols. Munich: Trikont, 1979-80. -- "Germany Reaches Deal to Deport Thousands of Gypsies to Romania," - *Migration World Magazine*, Nov-December 1992. -- Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times - support the Anatolian theory of - [Indo-European](/wiki/Indo-European_languages "Indo-European languages") - origin." *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_(journal) "Nature (journal)").* -- Gresham, D; *et al.* (2001). "Origins and divergence of the Roma - (Gypsies)." *American Journal of Human Genetics.* **69**(6), - 1314-1331. - [[6]](http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v69_p1314-1331.pdf) -- Hackl, Erich. (1991). *Farewell Sidonia*, New York: Fromm - International Pub. [ISBN - 0-88064-124-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/088064124X). (Translated - from the German, *Abschied von Sidonie* 1989) -- Helsinki Watch. *Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's - Endangered Gypsies.* New York, 1991. -- Leland, Charles G. *The English Gipsies and Their Language*. London: - Trübner & Co., 1873. -- Lemon, Alaina (2000). *Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and - Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism.* Durham: [Duke - University](/wiki/Duke_University "Duke University") Press. [ISBN - 0-8223-2456-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822324563) -- Luba Kalaydjieva; *et al.* (2001). "Patterns of inter- and - intra-group [genetic - diversity](/wiki/Genetic_diversity "Genetic diversity") in the Vlax - Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages." - *European Journal of Human Genetics.* **9**, 97-104. - [[7]](http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf) -- Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin. (2001) "Gypsies in the - [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire")." Hatfield: - University of Hertfordshire Press. -- Matras, Yaron (2002). *Romani: A Linguistic Introduction*, - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN - 0-512-02330-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0512023300). -- McDowell, Bart (1970). "Gypsies, Wanderers of the World". [National - Geographic - Society](/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society"). - [ISBN 0-87044-088-8](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870440888). -- "Gypsies, The World's Outsiders." *National Geographic*, April 2001, - 72-101. -- Ringold, Dena. *Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: - Trends & Challenges*. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2000. pp. 3, - 5, & 7. -- Roberts, Samuel. *The Gypsies: Their Origin, Continuance, and - Destination*. London: Longman, 4th edition, 1842. -- Silverman, Carol. "Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of - Eastern Europe." *Cultural Survival Quarterly*, Summer 1995. -- Simson, Walter. *History of the Gipsies*. London: S. Low, 1865. -- Tebbutt, Susan (Ed., 1998) *Sinti and Roma in German-speaking - Society and Literature*. Oxford: Berghahn. -- Turner, Ralph L. (1926) The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan. In: - Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 3rd Ser. 5/4, pp. 145–188. -- [Danish Broadcasting - Corporation](http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Politik/20060118073049.htm) - A page in Danish about Romani treatment in Denmark - -External links[[edit](/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: External links")] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -  Wikimedia Commons has media related to ***[Roma people](//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roma_people "commons:Category:Roma people")***. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -European countries Roma links - -- [http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html](http://www.sintiundroma.de/en/sinti-roma.html) - - History the Roma and Sinti in Germany - -- [http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction](http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/general-introduction/general-introduction) - - History of the Roma in Austria - -- [http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/](http://www.rommuz.cz/en/history-and-language/) - - History of the Roma in Czech Republic -- [http://www.romasinti.eu/\#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation](http://www.romasinti.eu/#/ZoniWeisz/Deportation) - History of some Roma Europeans - -The concentration, Labor, Ghetto camps that the Roma were persecuted in -during World War II - -- [http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com\_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3](http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=3) -- [http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin](http://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/camps/hodonin) -- [http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history\_en.aspx](http://www.lety-memorial.cz/history_en.aspx) -- [European Parliament resolution on the situation of the Roma in the - European - Union](http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=X&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0151+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN) - - April 28, 2005 -- [Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and - travellers in - Europe](https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=962605&Site=COE) by the - European Commissioner for [Human - Rights](/wiki/Human_rights "Human rights") ([Council of - Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe")) - February 15, - 2006 -- [Shot in remote areas of the Thar desert in Northwest India, - "Jaisalmer Ayo: Gateway of the - Gypsies"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zirn1H4vE0Y) on - [YouTube](/wiki/YouTube "YouTube") captures the lives of vanishing - nomadic communities who are believed to share common ancestors with - the Roma people - released 2004 - -Non-governmental organisations - -- [European Roma Rights Centre](http://www.errc.org/) - International - Romani NGO -- [Roma Rights Network](http://www.romarights.net/) - Romani INGO - -Museums and libraries - -- [Museum of Romani - Culture](/wiki/Museum_of_Romani_Culture "Museum of Romani Culture") - in [Brno](/wiki/Brno "Brno"), [Czech - Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") (in - Czech)[[8]](http://www.rommuz.cz/) -- [Specialized Library with Archive "Studii - Romani"](http://www.studiiromani.org/) in - [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia"), [Bulgaria](/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") - (Bulgarian, English) -- [Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and - Roma](http://www.sintiundroma.de/content/index.php?sID=2&navID=0&tID=0&aID=0) - in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg"), - [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") (German, English) -- [Ethnographic Museum](http://www.muzeum.tarnow.pl/index.php) in - [Tarnów](/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w "Tarnów"), - [Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"). Click "*Romowie*" on the menu at - left. (Polish) -- [Who we Were, Who we Are: Kosovo Roma Oral History - Collection](http://www.balkanproject.org/roma). The most - comprehensive collection of information on - [Kosovo](/wiki/Kosovo "Kosovo")'s Roma in existence. (English) - -[[show](#)] - -- [v](/wiki/Template:Roma_diaspora "Template:Roma diaspora") -- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Roma_diaspora "Template talk:Roma diaspora") -- [e](//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Roma_diaspora&action=edit) - -[Romani diaspora](/wiki/Romani_diaspora "Romani diaspora") - -[Settlements](/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements "List of Romani settlements") - -Subgroups - -Uncontested - -- [Boyash](/wiki/Boyash "Boyash") -- [Kalderash](/wiki/Kalderash "Kalderash") -- [Lovari](/wiki/Lovari "Lovari") -- [Machvaya](/wiki/Machvaya "Machvaya") -- [Polska Roma](/wiki/Polska_Roma "Polska Roma") -- [Bergitka Roma](/wiki/Bergitka_Roma "Bergitka Roma") -- [Ruska Roma](/wiki/Ruska_Roma "Ruska Roma") -- [Servitka Roma](/wiki/Servitka_Roma "Servitka Roma") -- [Ursari](/wiki/Ursari "Ursari") -- [Muslim Roma](/wiki/Muslim_Roma "Muslim Roma") -- [Ashkali](/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians "Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians") -- [Cascarots](/wiki/Cascarots "Cascarots") -- [Erromintxela](/wiki/Erromintxela "Erromintxela") -- [Finnish Kale](/wiki/Finnish_Kale "Finnish Kale") -- [Welsh Kale](/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies) "Kale (Welsh Romanies)") -- [Romanichal](/wiki/Romanichal "Romanichal") -- [Sinti](/wiki/Sinti "Sinti") -- [Manouche](/wiki/Manouche "Manouche") -- [Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, - Romanisæl)](/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers "Norwegian and Swedish Travellers") -- [Kawliya](/wiki/Kawliya "Kawliya") -- [Black Dutch](/wiki/Black-Dutch "Black-Dutch") - -Contested - -- [Dom](/wiki/Dom_people "Dom people") - - [Nawar](/wiki/Nawar_people "Nawar people") - -- [Bosha/Lom](/wiki/Lom_people "Lom people") -- [Lori](/wiki/Lori_people "Lori people") -- [Lyuli](/wiki/Lyuli "Lyuli") -- [Garachi](/wiki/Garachi "Garachi") - -By country - -- [Austria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria "Romani people in Austria") -- [Bosnia and - Herzegovina](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina") -- [Brazil](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil "Romani people in Brazil") -- [Bulgaria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria "Romani people in Bulgaria") -- [Canada](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada "Romani people in Canada") -- [Croatia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia "Romani people in Croatia") -- [Czech - Republic](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic "Romani people in the Czech Republic") -- [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia "Romani people in Czechoslovakia") -- [France](/wiki/Romani_people_in_France "Romani people in France") -- [Germany](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany "Romani people in Germany") -- [Greece](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece "Romani people in Greece") -- [Hungary](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary "Romani people in Hungary") -- [Ireland](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland "Romani people in Ireland") -- [Kosovo](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo "Romani people in Kosovo") -- [Macedonia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia "Romani people in the Republic of Macedonia") -- [Portugal](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal "Romani people in Portugal") -- [Romania](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania "Romani people in Romania") -- [Serbia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia "Romani people in Serbia") -- [Slovakia](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia "Romani people in Slovakia") -- [Spain](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain "Romani people in Spain") -- [Syria](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria "Romani people in Syria") -- [Turkey](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey "Romani people in Turkey") -- [Ukraine](/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine "Romani people in Ukraine") -- [United - States](/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_States "Romani people in the United States") - -\<img -src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" -alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: -absolute;" /\> |