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+ mso-fareast-language:#0400; + mso-bidi-language:#0400;} +</style> +<![endif]--> +<meta name=Author content="Abram Hoffer, M.D."> +<meta name=KeyWords +content="Abram Hoffer, physician, orthomolecular, Hoffer, medicine, tranquilizer, schizophrenia, adrenochrome, megavitamin, vitamin, niacin, psychiatry"> +<meta name=Description +content="This is a short autobiography of Dr. Abram Hoffer's 50-plus years as a megavitamin physician and researcher."> +<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> + <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> +</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> + <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> + <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> + </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> + +<!-- ADD style1 ===================== --> +<style type="text/css"> +#TFlag +{ + float:right; + font-size:105%; + line-height:105%; + padding:.15 em; + margin:.15 em; +} +img.top +{ + vertical-align:text-top; +} +</style> +<!-- END ADD style1 ===================== --> + +</head> + +<body bgcolor=white background="images/architek0H.gif" lang=EN-US link=blue +vlink=blue style='tab-interval:.5in'> + +<!-- ADD TFlag ===================== --> +<span id ="TFlag"> + <a href="#translator_block"> + Click here to translate this page. + <img class="top" SRC="images/TranslateFlag.jpg" alt="translate gadget at page bottom" height=36> + </a> +</span> +<!-- END ADD TFlag ===================== --> + +<div class=Section1> + +<p class=MsoNormal> </p> + +<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 + style='mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> + <td width=132 style='width:99.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><img width=117 height=105 id="_x0000_i1025" + src="images/logo1.GIF"></p> + </td> + <td width=16 style='width:12.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> + </td> + <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><img width=365 height=60 id="_x0000_i1026" + src="images/dystitle2.JPG"><br> + <img width=365 height=20 id="_x0000_i1027" src="images/dysaut.JPG"></p> + </td> + <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>About + Abram Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D.</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> + +<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center> + +</div> + +<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 + style='mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> + <td width=132 valign=top style='width:99.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:red'>Hoffer Biography</span> <br> + <a href="index.html">Home</a></p> + </td> + <td width=18 style='width:13.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> + </td> + <td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-family:Arial'>(Editor's Note: Dr. + Hoffer's personal <span class=SpellE>webpage</span> is</span></i> </p> + <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><a + href="http://www.orthomolecularvitamincentre.com/index.php">http://www.orthomolecularvitamincentre.com/index.php</a></span><span + style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br> + + <p><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial'>I was born</span><span + style='font-family:Arial'> on a farm in <st1:place w:st="on">Southern + Saskatchewan</st1:place> in 1917 in our first wooden house. My three older + siblings were born in a sod shack. Public and high school education was + completed in single room schools. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> I combined my new interest in + biochemistry with my original interest in agriculture by taking a Masters + degree in agricultural chemistry in 1940 at the <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> + of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Saskatchewan</st1:PlaceName> in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place + w:st="on">Saskatoon</st1:place></st1:City>. On a graduate scholarship I + studied for the following year at the <st1:City w:st="on">St. Paul</st1:City> + campus of the <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName + w:st="on">Minnesota</st1:PlaceName>, and then worked at a flour laboratory in + <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Winnipeg</st1:place></st1:City> + developing chemical assay methods for thiamine in flour and other wheat products, + and running the control analysis to ensure that the correct quantity of + vitamins was added to the flour. I did my research toward my Ph.D. in this + laboratory and received my degree in 1944. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> By then I had become interested in + human nutrition and enrolled in medicine at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType + w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Saskatchewan</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> + in 1945. For a few days before I finally registered I was shaken by an offer + by Dr. T. <span class=SpellE>Thorvaldson</span>, Head Department of + Chemistry, to accept a job as Professor of Agricultural Chemistry at a salary + of $2700 per year. The salary was acceptable, but as my plans had already + been made I maintained my resolution to take medicine. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> I married Rose Miller in 1942. Bill + was born in 1944. While I was interning in 1950 I was offered the position of + Professor of Biochemistry at the same University. After two preclinical years + at this university, and two clinical years at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType + w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Toronto</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>, + I earned my M.D. in 1949. John was born in 1947 and Miriam in 1949. </span> + </p> + <p><b><i><span style='font-family:Arial'>Entering Psychiatric Research</span></i></b> + <br> + <span style='font-family:Arial'> I interned for one year at <st1:PlaceType + w:st="on">City</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Hospital</st1:PlaceType> + in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Saskatoon</st1:place></st1:City>, + planning on going into general practice, but hoping that I could eventually + enter research. While interning I became interested in psychiatry, especially + psychosomatic medicine. Toward the end of the year I applied for a position + with Psychiatric Services Branch, Department of Public Health at <st1:place + w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Regina</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">Sask.</st1:State></st1:place> + I had discussed with the chief, Dr. D. G. <span class=SpellE>McKerracher</span>, + my interest in combining my interests in medicine, chemistry and psychiatry + in a research position. I joined him in July 1, 1951. I was given three + missions: (1) to master psychiatry in preparation for qualifying for the + specialty; I was fully qualified in 1954, and a few years later became a + Fellow in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (<st1:country-region + w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>). (2) + To be consultant in biochemistry to the general hospital at <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place + w:st="on">Regina</st1:place></st1:City> and, (3) to initiate a program of + research into psychiatry. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> January and February 1951, my wife + and I toured the few research centers in psychiatry in <st1:country-region + w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region> and the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place + w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> for six weeks. This + proved very valuable when later we decided which research program we would + start. The three most memorial visits were with Dr. Nolan D. C. Lewis, at the + Psychiatric Institute in New York, Dr. H. <span class=SpellE>Kluver</span>, + Culver Hall, University of Chicago, and Dr. Franz Alexander, at a + psychoanalytic institute which he directed. Lewis and <span class=SpellE>Kluver</span> + introduced me to the fascinating possibilities of the hallucinogens, + especially mescaline, and from Dr. Alexander's luncheon clinic I learned that + psychosomatic medicine had no basis in fact. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> Dr. H. Osmond joined us in <st1:State + w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Saskatchewan</st1:place></st1:State> in the + fall of 1952. We soon were good friends and close colleagues. We organized + and directed the research program until he left in 1960, and I went into + private practice in 1967. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> We decided to tackle the most + important single problem, schizophrenia. Half of our mental hospital beds + were occupied by these patients, and one quarter of all hospital beds in <st1:country-region + w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> were + these patients. But there were very few tangible leads. Psychoanalysis was + sweeping into North American psychiatry, and the biological psychiatrists + were facing imminent defeat in their views about the nature of this + disease. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> Dr. Osmond and Dr. J. <span + class=SpellE>Smythies</span> had discovered that the mescaline experience + resembled the schizophrenic experience, and he and <span class=SpellE>Smythies</span> + postulated that there might be a substance in the body with the properties of + mescaline and related to adrenalin. Dr. Osmond and I developed this idea, + which became known as the adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia. </span> + </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> In 1954 we received a very large + grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to continue this investigation. Before + I could get the grant I was to travel to <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place> + and visit the research centers there. By the time I left research we had a + very large well established research group, a truly cross-fertilized group in + which psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, and social workers all worked + together. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> Arising from this research are the + following discoveries: (1) That adrenochrome is <span class=GramE>an</span> + hallucinogen, (2) that it could be made in the body. It is now known to be + present and easily measured. (3) That megadoses of vitamin B-3 and ascorbic + acid were therapeutic for schizophrenia. This was one of the roots of + orthomolecular psychiatry and medicine as it is known today. (4) That niacin + lowers cholesterol levels. This vitamin is now one of the world's standard + materials for doing so. It also extends life and does not increase deaths + from violent acts as some of the other compounds which lower cholesterol do. + (5) The HOD (Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic) and EWI tests for assisting in the + diagnosis of schizophrenia. This is an excellent test, hardly known to the + profession. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> In pursuing this research we were + the first psychiatrists in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> + to conduct double blind controlled tests, and we were later the first to + recognize and to publish its many defects and flaws. Our discovery that + niacin lowers cholesterol, published in 1955, is credited with the initiation + of the new paradigm in nutritional medicine, i.e. the use of vitamins for + treatment and not just for prevention of deficiency disease. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> I gave up my two positions, + Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Psychiatric Research, + because my freedom to publish and discuss our therapeutic trials using vitamins + was being severely restricted by my two main employers, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType + w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Saskatchewan</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> + and the Department of Public Health. The psychiatric establishment was + violently opposed to our work, which did not have the support of the drug + companies who were promoting their own products, the tranquilizers. Not a + single attempt was made to repeat our double blind controlled studies (five), + <span class=GramE>nor</span> to examine our claims clinically. I decided I + could be more effective free of any of these adverse influences. </span> + </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> Since then I have been happily + working with thousands of patients, applying what we had discovered in those + early years in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Saskatchewan</st1:place></st1:State>. + I have published many hundreds of reports in the medical and psychiatric + literature, but after our views became widely known the establishment + literature would no longer accept any and our reports went to the alternative + literature instead. I have authored many books. </span> <br> + <span style='font-family:Arial'><a + href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/biblio_hoffer.html">http://www.doctoryourself.com/biblio_hoffer.html</a></span> + </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> I have been active in the International + Schizophrenia Foundation, now (2006) in its 38<sup>th</sup> year, and was one + of the organizers of the former Huxley Institute of Biosocial Research. I am + editor of the <i>Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine</i>, <a + href="http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/index.shtml">http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/index.shtml</a> + and <a href="http://www.orthomed.org/jom/jom.html">http://www.orthomed.org/jom/jom.html</a> + </span><br> + <span style='font-family:Arial'>which was the first medical journal to bring + attention to many important new treatments in medicine such as the yeast + syndrome, the toxicity of mercury from amalgams, the orthomolecular treatment + of the schizophrenias and many other conditions. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> My main interest since 1967 in <st1:City + w:st="on">Saskatoon</st1:City>, and in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Victoria</st1:place></st1:State>, + B.C., after 1976, has been to promote the principles of orthomolecular + medicine and psychiatry. In medicine the move into nutrition or + orthomolecular medicine is well underway, and will sweep into most of the + medical schools within the next five years. The move into psychiatry has been + dismally slow. Psychiatrists can not <span class=SpellE>untrack</span> + themselves from the influence of the tranquilizers, which are helpful, but + when used alone hardly ever restore a schizophrenic patient to normal. My + definition of a normal person is one who is free of signs and symptoms, gets + on well with family, gets on well with the community, and pays income tax. Up + to 90% of early patients, not yet badly damaged by the illness and the way it + was treated, will achieve this. With chronic patients most will achieve this + after 6 or 7 years of treatment. The treatment has been described many times. + Literature is available from the International Schizophrenia Foundation, <st1:address + w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">16 Florence Avenue</st1:Street>, <st1:City + w:st="on">Toronto</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Canada</st1:country-region> + <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">M2N 1E9</st1:PostalCode></st1:address>, telephone + number (416) 733-2117, fax number (416) 733-2352. </span> <span + style='font-family:Arial'><br> + <a href="http://www.orthomed.org/isf/isf.html">http://www.orthomed.org/isf/isf.html</a></span> + </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> I am pleased with my medical + colleagues who are quickly moving into this modern paradigm, and am very + frustrated by the massive inertia of my psychiatric colleagues who are still + waiting for the Holy Grail, that new tranquilizer which appears every year, + which will do for schizophrenia what insulin does for diabetes. The number of + homeless chronic schizophrenics in the streets of all large American and + Canadian cities is evidence of their inability to do more them than we could + do in 1950 before we had any tranquilizers. But at least then we had + hospitals which provided shelter and food and some care. Today the downtown + slums have become the surrogate mental hospital beds for the chronic patients + whose treatment has been wholly tranquilizers. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-family:Arial'> About thirty years ago I predicted + that it would take at least forty years before megavitamin treatment would be + accepted. After all, Moses walked his Israelite followers in circles in the + desert for 40 years before initiating the invasion of the <st1:place w:st="on">Holy + Land</st1:place>. He realized that two generations of people born and raised + in slavery would have to die before he could depend upon them to have enough + fighting spirit and spunk to attempt the invasion. Do we have to wait for + more than two generations of psychiatrists bred in the analytic and + tranquilizer era to die before their offspring can begin to think about + orthomolecular treatment of schizophrenic patients? Our first megavitamin + treatment paper was published in 1957. </span> </p> + <p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>(For more information, + you may wish to read Dr. Hoffer’s complete scientific memoirs, + available at <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><a + href="http://www.orthomed.org/store/store.html">http://www.orthomed.org/store/store.html</a> + )<o:p></o:p></span></p> + <p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Reprinted with permission + of the author.</span> <br> + <span style='font-family:Arial'> </span></p> + </td> + </tr> + <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> + <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a + href="contact.html"><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img + border=0 width=55 height=60 id="_x0000_i1029" src="images/e-mail.gif"></span></a><br> + <a href="contact.html">Andrew Saul, PhD</a></p> + </td> + <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p> + </td> + <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> + <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> + <hr size=2 width="100%" align=center> + </div> + <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>AN IMPORTANT NOTE: + This page is not in any way offered as prescription, diagnosis nor treatment + for any disease, illness, infirmity or physical condition. Any form of + self-treatment or alternative health program necessarily must involve an + individual's acceptance of some risk, and no one should assume + otherwise. Persons needing medical care should obtain it from a + physician. Consult your doctor before making any health decision. </span> + </p> + <p><span style='font-size:7.5pt'>Neither the author nor the webmaster has + authorized the use of their names or the use of any material contained within + in connection with the sale, promotion or advertising of any product or + apparatus. 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