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diff --git a/reference/www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_krypto.html b/reference/www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_krypto.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b681df --- /dev/null +++ b/reference/www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_krypto.html @@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ +<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.75 [en] (Win98; U) [Netscape]"> + <meta name="Author" content="Abram Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D."> + <meta name="KeyWords" content="health, Abram Hoffer, psychiatry, schizophrenia, psychosis, vitamin, orthomolecular, niacin, niacinamide, kryptopyrrole, mauve factor, Carl C. Pfeiffer, pyrolleuria"> + <meta name="Description" content="Urinary kryptopyrrole, or pyrolleuria, reliably indicates schizophrenia. Niacin and/or niacinamide in large doses treats psychosis successfully."> + <title>DoctorYourself.com - Urine Test for Psychosis</title> + +<!-- ADD style1 ===================== --> +<style type="text/css"> +#TFlag +{ + float:right; + font-size:105%; + line-height:105%; + padding:.15 em; + margin:.15 em; +} +img.top +{ + vertical-align:text-top; +} +</style> +<!-- END ADD style1 ===================== --> + +</head> +<body background="images/architek0H.gif"> + +<!-- ADD TFlag ===================== --> +<span id ="TFlag"> + <a href="#translator_block"> + Click here to translate this page. + <img class="top" SRC="images/TranslateFlag.jpg" alt="translate gadget at page bottom" height=36> + </a> +</span> +<!-- END ADD TFlag ===================== --> + +<table CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 > +<tr> +<td WIDTH="132"><img SRC="images/logo1.GIF" height=105 width=117></td> + +<td WIDTH="16"></td> + +<td><img SRC="images/dystitle2.JPG" height=60 width=365> +<br><img SRC="images/dysaut.JPG" height=20 width=365></td> + +<td><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Discovery of a Urine +Test for Schizophrenia</font></font></b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr WIDTH="100%"> +<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 > +<tr> +<td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="132"><font color="#FF0000">Psychosis Urine Test</font> +<br><a href="index.html">Home</a></td> + +<td WIDTH="18"></td> + +<td VALIGN=TOP><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><i>Journal of Orthomolecular +Medicine</i>: The Discovery of Kryptopyrrole and its Importance. Vol. 10, +No. 1, 1995</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Discovery of Kryptopyrrole and its +Importance in Diagnosis of Biochemical Imbalances in Schizophrenia and +in Criminal Behavior</font></b><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font></b> +<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">by Abram Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D.</font></b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In this issue (JOM, Vol 10, No 1) Dr. Richard +T. Kraus describes a notorious serial killer who is serving a 250 year +sentence for the murder of eleven women. Unfortunately, serial killers +are not a threatened species. On the contrary, they threaten society more +and more, and with modern weapons of destruction seem to be even more effective. +This case report may be the first in which four main factors which determine +human behaviour are discussed in detail. Dr. Kraus describes “...a matrix +of genetic, biochemical, neurological and psychological deficits”. I am +particularly interested because the kryptopyrrole ("kp") which was found +in this person’s urine was originally discovered in Saskatchewan about +1960 when I was Director of Psychiatric Research. The main biochemical +research was completed in Saskatchewan by Dr. D. Irvine,(1) and in New +Jersey by Dr. C. C. Pfeiffer (1) and his research group of biochemists.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">This report provides a model of how criminal +behaviour ought to be explored, with numerous references to the medical +literature for all of the four variables. I will discuss mainly the biochemical +findings and provide a brief history of its discovery. The presence of +kp in urine is a valuable diagnostic aid especially for determining more +specific treatment. It is most closely related to the schizophrenias but +cuts across all diagnostic categories. I think it could become an important +differential diagnostic test. It is simple to do, any competent medical +laboratory can do it. The laboratory in Victoria has been </font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">running them for me since 1976.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By 1960 the biochemical unit of the psychiatric +research program in Saskatchewan was gearing up to investigate any possible +relationships to the schizophrenias. One of the studies involved examining +urine for several fractions and comparing the urine of patients and controls. +We were then treating many alcoholics using psychedelic therapy. D-lysergic +acid diethylamide (LSD), the hallucinogen, was well studied as a compound +which could induce a model psychosis or a psychotomimetic experience. It +occurred to me that inasmuch as LSD produced something very similar (but +not identical with) schizophrenia, perhaps it might also generate in the +body of a person (not schizophrenic) the same type of biochemical abnormality +which we thought was present in the patients. I asked Dr. N. Payza to examine +the samples of urine obtained from an alcoholic who had been given LSD +as part of his treatment. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The first morning specimen was obtained +and another one around noon, usually the height of the experience. My idea +was that if something appeared after LSD which was not present before, +this might give as a lead. We were fortunate because the first patient +we tested had a large amount of a substance that was not present in the +morning specimen. We soon showed that it was not a breakdown product from +the LSD itself, which meant it was created in the body by the impact of +the hallucinogenic drug upon one of the biochemical systems. After we had +improved the assay procedure we began to test patients. One day I took +into the laboratory 12 specimens of urine. Six were obtained from schizophrenic +patients, five were obtained from normal subjects and one was a blank. +The code was kept secret. I asked the biochemical team to analyze these +samples and to tell me which of the 12 were obtained from the schizophrenic +patients. They accurately spotted all the schizophrenic samples. I concluded +that schizophrenic patients, not given LSD, had the same substance in their +urine as did some alcoholics who had been given LSD, but that it was not +present in normal controls.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">We needed large amounts of material for +our chemical studies. Fortunately for us a chronic schizophrenic woman +on the ward had huge quantities of this product. For a moment we considered +calling the compound the Jensen factor. At first we called it the unknown +substance (US), and later the mauve factor because when developed on the +paper chromatogram it stained a beautiful mauve. When it was identified +we called it, more accurately, kryptopyrrole. We named the disease characterized +by large amounts of mauve factor “malvaria,” but Dr. Pfeiffer later gave +it the more appropriate term <b>pyrolleuria.</b> </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">I immediately started two lines of investigation: +(1) by Dr. Payza for short time, and then by Dr. D. Irvine who continued +the research first at the Research Laboratory at the Saskatchewan Hospital +in North Battleford, and later at University Hospital in Saskatoon. The +objective was to determine the structure of the substance and its source. +(2) To study its clinical correlates, i.e. could it be used to assist in +diagnosis, could it have therapeutic significance, and could it be used +to follow patients both to determine if they were improving, and to determine +if they were getting worse.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Dr. Irvine showed that it was a pyrrole, +later identified as kryptopyrrole. We began to cooperate with Dr. C. C. +Pfeiffer at Princeton, New Jersey. Dr. H. Osmond, my colleague in the earlier +Saskatchewan research, was then Director of Research for the state. The +two laboratories did the basic work. Dr. Pfeiffer and his team discovered +how to measure the amount of this substance in the urine using a fairly +simple test, and they showed that this substance bound with pyridoxine +and zinc and when present in large amounts produced a double deficiency +of this vitamin and the mineral. On the clinical side he described the +syndrome pyrolleuria, a form of schizophrenia with clearly marked out symptoms +and signs which could be diagnosed by the present of kp in the urine.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Several years later we had examined thousands +of patients at three hospitals for the mauve factor.(2) It was present +mostly in schizophrenic patients but was also present in one-quarter of +other non schizophrenic patients including depressions, alcoholics, anxiety +states, and in children with learning and behavioral disorders. It was +rarely present in normal subjects, and was present in ten percent of a +non psychiatric stressed population drawn from the surgical wards of the +hospital. To my surprise it was found in most cases of lung cancer.(3) +I found the following relationships:</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><i><font face="Arial,Helvetica">1) Relationship to diagnosis</font></i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> +- The mauve factor was found in the following categories of patients:</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><i><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Diagnosis; percent with the diagnosis +mauve factor</font></i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>Normal subjects </b> +0</font><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font></b> +<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Physically ill</font></b> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Adults +10</font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Children +10</font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Mood disorders 20</font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Alcoholics +20</font><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font></b> +<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Schizophrenics</font></b> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Early, not treated 75</font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Recovered +0</font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Not recovered +50</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Thus it was clear that although it was +most closely related to the schizophrenic </font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">population, it could not be considered +a test for schizophrenia. Probably there will never be such a test since +the clinical diagnosis is subjective and there is wide disagreement among +clinicians about the diagnosis. I therefore compared the results of testing +for this compound with the results obtained on the HOD (Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic) +test.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><i>2) Relationship to HOD Test</i>.(4) +This is a card sort test similar in principle to the MMPI but containing +entirely different questions. Perceptual symptoms including hallucinations +and illusions are specifically covered. The HOD test can be described as +a perceptual test. Patients sorted 145 cards into true and false piles +and these were recorded and scores obtained. We standardized this test +on thousands of subjects and have reported the results widely. We +found that there was a better relationship between the presence of high +scores in the test and the presence of kp in the urine than there was between +kp and clinical diagnosis. Schizophrenics had much higher scores than did +any other group of psychiatric patients, with the exception of patients +with delirium tremens and normal subjects undergoing the LSD experience. +In one study in New York, the investigating team found that the admission +HOD test results were more closely correlated to the final discharge diagnosis +than they were to the admitting diagnosis, even though none of the clinicians +were able to see the results of the HOD test.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><i>3) As an indicator for treatment</i>. +By 1960 we had completed four double blind controlled prospective studies +on schizophrenic patients comparing niacin, niacinamide and placebo.(5) +Based upon these studies and upon open clinical studies going back to 1951, +I had concluded that schizophrenic patients responded better to any treatment +when they were given adequate doses of vitamin B3. Forty years later this +is still my conclusion, as it is of every physician who uses the same treatment. +The only physicians who disagree are those who have never used the treatment +and who have even refused to examine earlier studies. There is no patent +on vitamin B3, and without a patent there is no financial incentive for +any company to promote this treatment. Since schizophrenic patients, most +of whom had the factor in their urine, responded better when treated with +vitamin B3, I concluded that any psychiatric disease, no matter what they +were diagnosed clinically, might also do better with this vitamin. This +was confirmed by a large series of open clinical studies. I will not term +these studies anecdotal, which has become the politically correct term +for denigrating any studies that are not double blind, since all clinical +studies depend upon the history or herstory of patients and how they respond, +i.e. upon anecdotes. The only difference is that in double blind studies +the anecdotes are collected by physicians or others who are blinded by +not knowing what treatment is being given. At least this is the theory +of this type of procedure. In fact, the vast majority of these studies +are so imperfectly blinded that few clinician or nurses have much difficulty +deciding whether the patient was on placebo or something more active. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Worshippers of the double blind remind +me of the emperor whose nakedness was seen only by a child not yet blinded +by tradition. This report by Kraus is an excellent example of the type +of anecdotal history which has contributed so much to medicine.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The presence of the mauve factor in urine +became a valuable indicator to use vitamin B3. Later, when Dr. C. C. Pfeiffer +showed that kp bound pyridoxine and zinc and described the syndrome pyrolleuria, +this became another important indicator that vitamin B6 and zinc must be +used. It is especially valuable for children, who are very difficult to +diagnose because they vary so much one from the other. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">4) Response to treatment. Patients who +responded to treatment invariably became mauve factor or kp factor negative. +However, there were many patients who no longer excreted this factor but +who had not recovered. I have not examined whether these patients might +have responded to longer treatment. In my recent report (6) on chronic +patients it is evident that many chronic patients need five to seven years +of treatment. Perhaps some of the negative excretors after having been +positive might have fallen into this group. Patients who were well and +were kp free were followed for months or years. If they became positive +at any time they also became clinically ill within a matter of weeks or +months.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Generally, the presence of kp is associated +with clinical conditions characterized by a high degree of perceptual disorganization. +These are chiefly the schizophrenic patients, but also includes a substantial +proportion of other psychiatric diseases also characterized by perceptual +changes. Unfortunately psychiatrists do not search their patients’ mental +state adequately and miss many of these changes. They can be readily detected +using perceptual tests such as the HOD test. (7) In other words, the presence +of kp correlates strongly with high scores on these perceptual tests. Perhaps +Dr. Kraus’s detailed report will arouse interest in this test, sadly neglected +for so many years.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In 1960 I examined a seven year old boy +who had been diagnosed retarded and preparations were being made to send +him to a special school. His parents were very concerned and asked me whether +I would examine him. For over a year he had difficulty in school, could +not read, and avoided going to school as much as he could, often staying +away from home all day but not at school. His mother, a teacher, had been +spending a lot of time giving him special instruction without improvement. +He was also developing behavioral problems at home. I examined him early +in 1960 and could not locate any particular problem, perhaps because I +had not had much experience treating children. I then had his urine analyzed +for mauve factor, kp, and to my surprise found a large amount. I called +his father, a friend of mine, and said in jest “You are in luck, your son +has schizophrenia.” He answered, “Why does that make me so lucky?” I then +told him I was kidding him, and added seriously he was certainly not schizophrenic, +but since he had the same biochemical factor in his urine we had found +in schizophrenics, and since they had responded well to vitamin therapy, +this suggested that his son might respond in a similarly beneficial way. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">I started him on niacinamide 1,000 milligrams +after each meal. In the fall his father asked me would I like to know what +had happened to his son. He then told me that two months after his son +had started on the vitamin he had begun to read, that he had spent a few +months reading voraciously and that he was no longer concerned about his +behaviour. His son was normal and remained well. He took his niacinamide +regularly until he was about 14. One day he asked his mother why he was +taking the pills. She brought him to see me and I explained why I thought +he should remain on the vitamin until at least age 18 at which time he +could determine how well he could do without it. He is still well, happily +married with children, and is fully employed in a responsible job. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">This illustrates the use of the kp urine +test for pyrolleuria, and the use of niacinamide in large doses to treat +this condition successfully. I did not use vitamin B6 nor zinc in 1960. +Pyridoxine is essential for the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide +adenine dinucleotide, the vitamin B3 coenzyme. With a deficiency of pyridoxine, +the synthesis of NAD in the body is reduced. A pyridoxine deficiency will +produce a form of pellagra not distinguishable clinically from the pellagra +caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">References</font></b> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: The Presence of Malvaria in +Some Mentally Retarded Children. Amer J Ment Def 67:730-732, +1963. Hoffer A: Malvaria and the Law. Psychoso-matics, 7:303-310, +1966.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: A Program for the Treatment of +Alcoholism: LSD, Malvaria and Nicotinic Acid. In, The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy +and Alcoholism. Ed. HA Abramson.Bobbs-Merril, New York, 343-402, 1967.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Mahon M: The Presence of +Unidentified Substances in the Urine of Psychiatric Patients +2:331-362, 1961</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: The Relationship +Between an Unknown Factor (US) in the Urine of Subjects and HOD Test Results. +J Neuropsychiatry 2:363-368, 1961.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: Malvaria: A New +Psychiatric Disease. Acta Psychiat Scand 39:335-366, 1963. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: The Psychophysiology of Cancer. +J Asthma Research 8:61-76, 1970.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: A Card Sorting +Test Helpful in Making Psychiatric Diagnosis. J Neuropsychiatry 2:306-330, +1961.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: A Card Sorting +Test Helpful in Establishing Prognosis. Am J Psychiatry 118:840-841, +1962.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: The Relationship +Between an Unknown Factor (US) in the Urine of Subjects and HOD Test Results. +J Neuropsychiatry 2:363-368, 1961.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: The Association +Between Schizophrenia and Two Objective Tests. Can Med Ass J 87:641-646, +1962.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A, Kelm H & Osmond H: The Hoffer-Osmond +Diagnostic Test. RE Krieger Pub Co. Huntington, New York, 1975.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A, Osmond H, Callbeck MJ & Kahan +I: Treatment of Schizophrenia with Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide. J Clin +Exper Psychopathol 18:131-158, 1957.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. +C.C.Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: Treatment of Schizophrenia +with Nicotinic Acid - A Ten Year Follow-Up. Acta Psychiat Scand 40:171-189, +1964.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Treatment of Schizophrenia with +a Therapeutic Program Based Upon Nicotinic Acid as the Main Variable. Molecular +Basis of Some Aspects of Mental Activity, Vol II. Ed. O Walaas, Academic +Press, New York, 1967.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Megavitamin B-3 Therapy for Schizophrenia. +Can Psychiatric Assoc J 16:499-504, 1971.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Treatment of Hyperkinetic Children +with Nicotinamide and Pyridoxine. Can Med Assoc J 107:111-112, 1972.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Natural History and Treatment +of Thirteen Pairs of Identical Twins, Schizophrenic and Schizophrenic-Spectrum +Condi-tions. J Orthomolecular Psychiatry 5:101-122, 1976.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Orthomolecular Medicine for Physicians. +Keats Pub, New Canaan, CT, 1989.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Orthomolecular Medicine. In, +Molecules In Natural Science and Medicine, An Encomium for Linus Pauling. +Ed Z.B. Maksic & M. Eckert-Maksic, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, West +Sussex, England, 1991.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Vitamin B3 and Schizophrenia: +Discovery, Recovery, Controversy. Quarry Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1994.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A: Chronic Schizophrenic Patients +Treated Ten Years Or More. J. Orthomolecular Medicine, 9:7-37, 1994.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: How To Live With +Schizophrenia. University Books, New York, NY, 1966. Also published by +Johnson, London, 1966. New and Revised Ed. Citadel Press, New York, N.Y. +1992</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hoffer A & Osmond H: The Hallucinogens. +Academic Press, New York, 1967.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Orthomolecular Psychiatry, Eds. D. Hawkins +and Linus Pauling. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1973.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">(Also see References in Dr. Richard T. +Kraus' paper.) </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Reprinted with permission of the author.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">A. Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D.</font> + +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> +<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"></font> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<center><a href="contact.html"><img SRC="images/e-mail.gif" BORDER=0 height=60 width=55></a> +<br><a href="contact.html">Andrew W. Saul</a></center> +</td> + +<td></td> + +<td> +<hr WIDTH="100%"><font size=-2>AN IMPORTANT NOTE: This page is not +in any way offered as prescription, diagnosis nor treatment for any disease, +illness, infirmity or physical condition. Any form of self-treatment +or alternative health program necessarily must involve an individual's +acceptance of some risk, and no one should assume otherwise. Persons +needing medical care should obtain it from a physician. Consult your +doctor before making any health decision. </font> +<p><font size=-2>Neither the author nor the webmaster has authorized the +use of their names or the use of any material contained within in connection +with the sale, promotion or advertising of any product or apparatus. 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