path: root/bookmarks/theodore von karman - wikipedia.txt

---
title: Theodore von Kármán - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
date: 2007-02-27T06:11:51Z
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_Karman
tags: novel_notes, science, history, physics

---

**Theodore von Kármán** ([Hungarian][1]: _[Szőllőskislaki][2] Kármán Tódor_; May 11, 1881 – May 6, 1963) was a [Hungarian][3]-[American][4] [mathematician][5], [aerospace engineer][6] and [physicist][7] who was active primarily in the fields of [aeronautics][8] and [astronautics][9]. He is responsible for many key advances in [aerodynamics][10], notably his work on [supersonic][11] and [hypersonic][12] airflow characterization. He is regarded as the outstanding aerodynamic theoretician of the twentieth century.[[3]][13][[4]][14][[5]][15][[6]][16]

## Early life[[edit][17]]

Von Kármán was born into a [Jewish][18] family in [Budapest][19], [Austria-Hungary][20] as Kármán Tódor. One of his [ancestors][21] was [Rabbi][22] [Judah Loew ben Bezalel][23].[[2]][24] He studied engineering at the city's Royal Joseph Technical University, known today as [Budapest University of Technology and Economics][25]. After graduating in 1902 he moved to [Germany][26] and joined [Ludwig Prandtl][27] at the [University of Göttingen][28], and received his doctorate in 1908. He taught at Göttingen for four years. In 1912 accepted a position as director of the Aeronautical Institute at [RWTH Aachen][29], one of the country's leading universities. His time at RWTH Aachen was interrupted by service in the [Austro-Hungarian Army][30] 1915–1918, where he designed an early [helicopter][31]. He is believed to have founded the [International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics][32] in September 1922 by organizing its first conference in [Innsbruck][33].[[7]][34] He left RWTH Aachen in 1930.

## Emigration and JPL[[edit][35]]

![][36]

Apprehensive about developments in Europe, in 1930 he accepted the directorship of the [Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory][37] at the [California Institute of Technology][38] (GALCIT) and migrated to the United States. In 1936, along with [Frank Malina][39] and [Jack Parsons][40], he founded a company [Aerojet][41] to manufacture [JATO][42] rocket motors. He later became a [naturalized citizen][43] of the United States.

He later became an important figure in supersonic motion, noting in a seminal paper that aeronautical engineers were "pounding hard on the closed door leading into the field of supersonic motion."[[8]][44]

German activity during [World War II][45] increased U.S. military interest in rocket research. During the early part of 1943, the Experimental Engineering Division of the [United States Army Air Forces][46] Material Command forwarded to von Kármán reports from [British][47] intelligence sources describing [German][26] rockets capable of reaching more than 100 miles (160 km). In a letter dated 2 August 1943 von Kármán provided the Army with his analysis of and comments on the German program.[[9]][48]

In 1944 he and others affiliated with GALCIT founded the [Jet Propulsion Laboratory][49] (JPL), which is now a [Federally funded research and development center][50] managed and operated by Caltech under a contract from [NASA][51]. In 1946 he became the first chairman of the [Scientific Advisory Group][52] which studied aeronautical technologies for the United States Army Air Forces. He also helped found [AGARD][53], the [NATO][54] aerodynamics research oversight group (1951), the [International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences][55] (1956), the [International Academy of Astronautics][56] (1960), and the [Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics][57] in [Brussels][58] (1956).

## Last years[[edit][59]]

![][60]

In June 1944, von Kármán underwent surgery for [intestinal cancer][61] in [New York City][62]. The surgery caused two [hernias][63], and von Kármán's recovery was slow. Early in September, while still in New York, he met with U.S. Army Air Forces Commanding General [Henry H. Arnold][64] on a runway at [LaGuardia Airport][65]. Hap Arnold then proposed that von Kármán move to [Washington, D.C.][66] to lead the Scientific Advisory Group and become a long-range planning consultant to the military. He returned to [Pasadena][67] around mid-September. Von Kármán was appointed to the position on October 23, 1944, and left Caltech in December 1944.[[10]][68]

At age 81 von Kármán was the recipient of the first [National Medal of Science][69], bestowed in a [White House][70] ceremony by President [John F. Kennedy][71]. He was recognized, "For his leadership in the science and engineering basic to aeronautics; for his effective teaching and related contributions in many fields of mechanics, for his distinguished counsel to the Armed Services, and for his promoting international cooperation in science and engineering."[[11]][72]

While on a trip to Aachen (Germany) in 1963, von Kármán died. He was buried in Pasadena, California.[[12]][73][[13]][74] He never married.

Von Kármán's fame was in the use of mathematical tools to study [fluid flow][75],[[14]][76] and the interpretation of those results to guide practical designs. He was instrumental in recognizing the importance of the [swept-back wings][77] that are ubiquitous in modern [jet aircraft][78].

## Selected contributions[[edit][79]]

Specific contributions include theories of non-elastic buckling, [unsteady wakes in circum-cylinder flow][80], stability of [laminar flow][81], [turbulence][82], [airfoils][83] in steady and unsteady flow, [boundary layers][84], and supersonic aerodynamics. He made additional contributions in other fields, including elasticity, vibration, heat transfer, and [crystallography][85]. His name also appears in a number of concepts, for example:

## Selected writings[[edit][86]]

Main article: [Theodore von Kármán bibliography][87]

### Books[[edit][88]]

* von Kármán, T.; [Burgers, J. M.][89] (1924). _General Aerodynamic Theory, 2 vols_. [Julius Springer][90]. 
* von Kármán, T.; [Biot, M. A.][91] (1940). _Mathematical Methods in Engineering; An introduction to the Mathematical Treatment of Engineering Problems_. McGraw-Hill. p. 505. [ASIN][92] [B0006AOTLK][93]. 
* von Kármán, T.; [Biot, M. A.][91] (2004). _Aerodynamics: Selected Topics in the Light of Their Historical Development_. Dover Books on Aeronautical Engineering. Dover Publications. p. 224. [ISBN][94] [0486434850][95]. 
* von Kármán, T. (1956). _Collected Works of Dr. T. von Kármán (1902 - 1951), 4 vols_. Butterworth Scientific Publications. 
* von Kármán, T. (1961). _From Low-Speed Aerodynamics to Astronautics_. Pergamon Press. [ASIN][92] [B000H4OVPO][96]. 
* von Kármán, T.; Edson, L. (1967). _The Wind and Beyond — T. von Kármán Pioneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space_. Little Brown. p. 376. [ISBN][94] [0316907537][97]. 

## Honors and legacy[[edit][98]]

![][99]

President Kennedy honors Dr. von Kármán.

## References[[edit][100]]

1. ^ _**[a**_][101] _**[b**_][102] [Theodore von Kármán][103] at the [Mathematics Genealogy Project][104]
2. ^ _**[a**_][105] _**[b**_][106] Goldstein, S. (1966). "**Theodore von Karman** 1881-1963". _[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society][107]_ **12**: 334–326. [doi][108]:[10.1098/rsbm.1966.0016][109].  [edit][110]
3. **[^][111]** [Chang, Iris][112], _Thread of the silkworm_, Basic Books, 1996, pages 47-60
4. **[^][113]** Greenberg, J. L.; Goodstein, J. R. (1983). "Theodore von Karman and Applied Mathematics in America". _Science_ **222** (4630): 1300–1304. [doi][108]:[10.1126/science.222.4630.1300][114]. [PMID][115] [17773321][116].  [edit][117]
5. **[^][118]** [O'Connor, John J.][119]; [Robertson, Edmund F.][120], ["Theodore von Kármán"][121], _[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive][122]_, [University of St Andrews][123] .
6. **[^][124]** Sears, W. R. (1965). "Some Recollections of Theodore von Kármán". _Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics_ **13**: 175. [doi][108]:[10.1137/0113011][125].  [edit][126]
7. **[^][127]** Alkemade, Dr. Ir. Fons (2010). ["IUTAM | History"][128]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Retrieved 29 December 2010. 
8. **[^][129]** Hallion, Richard P. ["The NACA, NASA, and the Supersonic-Hypersonic Frontier"][130]. _NASA_. NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
9. **[^][131]** ["Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program, vol. 1"][132] (PDF). Army Ballistic Missile Agency. pp. page 26. 
10. **[^][133]** Bluth, John. ["Von Karman, Malina laid the groundwork for the future JPL"][134]. JPL. 
11. **[^][135]** ["The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details"][136]. NSF. 
12. **[^][137]** ["Theodor von Kármán"][138]. Retrieved 2009-06-07. 
13. **[^][139]** ["JPL 101"][140] (PDF). JPL. 
14. **[^][141]** Sears, W. R. (1986). "Von Kármán: Fluid Dynamics and Other Things". _Physics Today_ **39**: 34–31. [doi][108]:[10.1063/1.881063][142].  [edit][143]
15. **[^][144]** ["Theodore von Karman Medal"][145]. ASCE. 
16. **[^][146]** ["AEDC Fellows"][147]. Arnold Air Force Base. 
17. **[^][148]** Bilger, Burkhard, ["The Martian Chroniclers"][149], _[The New Yorker][150]_, April 22, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
18. **[^][151]** ["1992 29¢ Theodore von Karman Stamps Scott #2699"][152]. Exploring Space Stamps. 
19. **[^][153]** [Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures][154]
20. **[^][155]** von Kármán,Theodore (1940). "The engineer grapples with nonlinear problems". _Bull. Amer. Math. Soc._ **46** (8): 615–683. [doi][108]:[10.1090/s0002-9904-1940-07266-0][156]. [MR][157] [003131][158]. 

## Further reading[[edit][159]]

* [I. Chang][112], _Thread of the Silkworm_. Perseus Books Group (1995). [ISBN 0-465-08716-7][160].
* D. S. Halacy, Jr., _Father of Supersonic Flight: Theodor von Kármán_ (1965).
* M. H. Gorn, _The Universal Man: Theodore von Kármán's Life in Aeronautics_ (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1992).
* G. Gabrielli, "Theodore von Kármán", _Atti Accad. Sci. Torino Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur._ 98 (1963/1964), 471-485.
* J. L. Greenberg and J. R. Goodstein, "Theodore von Kármán and applied mathematics in America," _A century of mathematics in America_ II (Providence, R.I., 1989), 467-477.
* R. C. Hall, "Shaping the course of aeronautics, rocketry, and astronautics: Theodore von Kármán, 1881-1963," _J. Astronaut. Sci._ 26 (4) (1978), 369-386.
* J. Polásek, "Theodore von Kármán and applied mathematics" (Czech), _Pokroky Mat. Fyz. Astronom._ 28 (6) (1983), 301-310.
* F. L. Wattendorf, "Theodore von Kármán, international scientist," _Z. Flugwiss._ 4 (1956), 163-165.
* F. L. Wattendorf and F. J. Malina, "Theodore von Kármán, 1881-1963," _Astronautica Acta_ 10 (1964), 81.

## External links[[edit][161]]

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[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language "Hungarian language"
[2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%91ll%C5%91skislak "Szőllőskislak"
[3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people "Hungarian people"
[4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States"
[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician "Mathematician"
[6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineer "Aerospace engineer"
[7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist "Physicist"
[8]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics "Aeronautics"
[9]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics "Astronautics"
[10]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics "Aerodynamics"
[11]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic "Supersonic"
[12]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic "Hypersonic"
[13]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-3
[14]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-4
[15]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-mactutor-5
[16]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-6
[17]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Early life"
[18]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew "Jew"
[19]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest"
[20]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary"
[21]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor "Ancestor"
[22]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi"
[23]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel "Judah Loew ben Bezalel"
[24]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-frs-2
[25]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics "Budapest University of Technology and Economics"
[26]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany"
[27]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl "Ludwig Prandtl"
[28]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen "University of Göttingen"
[29]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWTH_Aachen "RWTH Aachen"
[30]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army "Austro-Hungarian Army"
[31]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter"
[32]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Theoretical_and_Applied_Mechanics "International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics"
[33]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck"
[34]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-7
[35]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Emigration and JPL"
[36]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Von_Karman_and_JATO_Team_-_GPN-2000-001652_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Von_Karman_and_JATO_Team_-_GPN-2000-001652_%28cropped%29.jpg
[37]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Aeronautical_Laboratory "Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory"
[38]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology"
[39]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Malina "Frank Malina"
[40]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whiteside_Parsons "John Whiteside Parsons"
[41]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerojet "Aerojet"
[42]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO "JATO"
[43]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization "Naturalization"
[44]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-8
[45]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"
[46]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces"
[47]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"
[48]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-9
[49]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory "Jet Propulsion Laboratory"
[50]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_funded_research_and_development_center "Federally funded research and development center"
[51]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA"
[52]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group "Scientific Advisory Group"
[53]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGARD "AGARD"
[54]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO"
[55]: http://asdl-57.ae.gatech.edu
[56]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics "International Academy of Astronautics"
[57]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Karman_Institute_for_Fluid_Dynamics "Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics"
[58]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"
[59]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Last years"
[60]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/RWTH_Karmanauditorium.JPG/220px-RWTH_Karmanauditorium.JPG
[61]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer "Colorectal cancer"
[62]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City"
[63]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia "Hernia"
[64]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold "Henry H. Arnold"
[65]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport "LaGuardia Airport"
[66]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."
[67]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena%2C_California "Pasadena, California"
[68]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-10
[69]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science "National Medal of Science"
[70]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House"
[71]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy"
[72]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-11
[73]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-12
[74]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-13
[75]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics "Fluid dynamics"
[76]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_note-14
[77]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing "Swept wing"
[78]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft "Jet aircraft"
[79]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Selected contributions"
[80]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street "Von Kármán vortex street"
[81]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow "Laminar flow"
[82]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence "Turbulence"
[83]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil "Airfoil"
[84]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer "Boundary layer"
[85]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography "Crystallography"
[86]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Selected writings"
[87]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_bibliography "Theodore von Kármán bibliography"
[88]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Books"
[89]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Burgers "Jan Burgers"
[90]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Springer "Julius Springer"
[91]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Anthony_Biot "Maurice Anthony Biot"
[92]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number"
[93]: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006AOTLK
[94]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number "International Standard Book Number"
[95]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ABookSources/0486434850 "Special:BookSources/0486434850"
[96]: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000H4OVPO
[97]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ABookSources/0316907537 "Special:BookSources/0316907537"
[98]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Honors and legacy"
[99]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Karman-Kennedy.jpg/220px-Karman-Kennedy.jpg
[100]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: References"
[101]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-mathgene_1-0
[102]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-mathgene_1-1
[103]: http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=13700
[104]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project "Mathematics Genealogy Project"
[105]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-frs_2-0
[106]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-frs_2-1
[107]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"
[108]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier "Digital object identifier"
[109]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0016
[110]: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frsbm.1966.0016&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2
[111]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-3
[112]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Chang "Iris Chang"
[113]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-4
[114]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.222.4630.1300
[115]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier "PubMed Identifier"
[116]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17773321
[117]: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_pmid/17773321&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_pmid/editintro2
[118]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-mactutor_5-0
[119]: /wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician) "John J. O'Connor (mathematician)"
[120]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson "Edmund F. Robertson"
[121]: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Karman.html
[122]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive "MacTutor History of Mathematics archive"
[123]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews "University of St Andrews"
[124]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-6
[125]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1137%2F0113011
[126]: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1137.2F0113011&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2
[127]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-7
[128]: http://txtnet.com/iutam/?page_id=371
[129]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-8
[130]: http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100025896
[131]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-9
[132]: http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/pdf/corporal/corp1.pdf
[133]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-10
[134]: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files/universe/un940715.txt
[135]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-11
[136]: http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=375
[137]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-12
[138]: http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/von_Karman/TH21.htm
[139]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-13
[140]: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about_JPL/jpl101.pdf
[141]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-14
[142]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881063
[143]: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1063.2F1.881063&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2
[144]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-15
[145]: http://www.asce.org/pressroom/honors/honors_details.cfm?hdlid=74
[146]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-16
[147]: http://www.arnold.af.mil/library/fellowsnominations.asp
[148]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-17
[149]: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/04/22/130422fa_fact_bilger?currentPage=all
[150]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker"
[151]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-18
[152]: http://sageman.freeservers.com/spacestamps/karman.html
[153]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-19
[154]: http://www.ams.org/meetings/lectures/meet-gibbs-lect
[155]: http://en.wikipedia.org#cite_ref-20
[156]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1940-07266-0
[157]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews "Mathematical Reviews"
[158]: //www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=003131
[159]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Further reading"
[160]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ABookSources/0465087167
[161]: /w/index.php?title=Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: External links"
[162]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1 ""