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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Arial'>VITAMIN C IN THE TREATMENT
OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)</span></b> <br>
<b><span style='font-family:Arial'>Robert F. Cathcart III, MD</span></b> <br>
<i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Medical Hypotheses</span></i><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, 14(4):423-433, Aug 1984. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Copyright (C), 1994 and
prior years, Dr. Robert F. Cathcart. Permission granted to distribute via the
internet as long as material is distributed in its entirity and not
modified.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ABSTRACT</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>My previous
experience with the utilization of ascorbic acid in the treatment of viral
diseases led me to hypothesize that ascorbate would be of value in the
treatment of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Preliminary clinical
evidence is that massive doses of ascorbate (50-200 grams per 24 hours) can
suppress the symptoms of the disease and can markedly reduce the tendency for
secondary infections. In combination with usual treatments for the secondary
infections, large doses of ascorbate will often produce a clinical remission
which shows every evidence of being prolonged if treatment is continued. This
clinical remission is achieved despite continuing laboratory evidence of helper
T-cell suppression. There may be a complete or partial destruction of the
helper T-cells during an initial infection that does not necessitate a
continuing toxicity from some source to maintain a permanent or prolonged
helper T-cell suppression. However, it is possible ascorbate may prevent that
destruction if used adequately during that prodrome period. Emphasis is put
upon the recognition and treatment of the frequent intestinal parasites. Food
and chemical sensitivities occur frequently in the AID syndrome and may
aggravate symptoms considered to be part of the AID syndrome. A topical
C-paste has been found very effective in the treatment of herpes simplex and,
to a lesser extent, in the treatment of some Kaposi's lesions. Increasingly,
clinical research on other methods of treating AIDS is being
"contaminated" by patients taking ascorbate. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>INTRODUCTION</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>I had previously
described that the amount of ascorbic acid which can be tolerated orally by a
patient without producing diarrhea, increases somewhat proportionately to the
toxicity of his disease (1,2,3,4). Among the roughly 80% of persons who
tolerate ascorbic acid very well, -bowel tolerance- will be reached when in
excess of 10 to 15 grams of ascorbic acid dissolved in water is taken in 4 to
6 divided doses per 24 hours. The astonishing finding was that when that same
person is acutely ill with a mild cold, that tolerance may increase to
approximately 50 grams per 24 hours. A severe cold can increase tolerance to
100 grams; an influenza, even up to 150 grams; and mononucleosis or viral
pneumonias, to as much as 200 grams per 24 hours. These higher doses may have
to be divided as frequently as hourly. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>These large amounts of
ascorbate are being drawn off the GI tract at a rate sufficient to prevent
significant amounts from reaching the rectum and producing diarrhea.
Measurements of ascorbate in urine, saliva, or serum indicate that if
sufficient doses of ascorbate are not given when a patient is ill, the body
level of vitamin C drops rapidly. In such a case, there is not enough vitamin
C left in the body, particularly in the cells directly involved by the
disease, to guarantee all the known housekeeping functions of the vitamin.
Those functions known to be dependent on vitamin C, including several metabolic
reactions necessary for proper functioning of the immune system, are put at
risk of malfunctioning. I call this condition -acute induced scurvy.- </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>PREMIERE FREE RADICAL
SCAVENGER</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The reason ascorbate ameliorates
so many conditions is that it functions as the -premiere free radical
scavenger- (5). This function is not because it is the most powerful free
radical scavenger, but because it is possible to saturate every cell of the
body with more molecules of ascorbate than any other free radical scavenger.
The reason that it takes such massive doses for optimal effect is because
high concentrations of ascorbate must be driven into the cells directly
affected by the disease process sufficient to neutralize all of the free
radicals produced by that process, and have some left over for vitamin C
housekeeping functions. When a disease process involves free radicals, that
disease process is capable of being ameliorated by massive doses of
ascorbate. In the case of many infectious diseases, the relief from free
radical suppression of the immune system, allows for more effective attack on
the pathogen by that immune system. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>-Note: this premiere free
radical scavenger function has little to do with nutrition but is a
pharmacologic effect of ascorbate when utilized in unnatural amounts for
humans.- </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Actually, the complete
neutralization of free radicals requires several steps involving other
substances, e.g. glutathione. However clinically, the most frequent limiting
factor in the reduction of free radicals is ascorbate. In certain conditions
such as chemical allergies, certain other limiting factors may become
critically important, e.g. selenium and glutathione. Some have worried that a
buildup of dehydroascorbate would be toxic in certain of these conditions.
Clinically, this consideration has not created a problem when very large
doses of ascorbate are used. Perhaps it is the high ratio of ascorbate to
dehydroascorbate, I am careful to maintain in these patients, that protects
against any temporarily accumulating dehydroascorbate. Further, I should like
to point out that the dehydroascorbate formed should not be as toxic as that
free radical the ascorbate reduces as it itself is oxidized into
dehydroascorbate. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>In a way, it is
unfortunate that this free radical scavenger and vitamin C are the same
substance. When ascorbate is destroyed in the process of destroying free
radicals, the vitamin C stores, particularly in the cells directly involved
in the disease process, are so depleted as to cause disorders of known
housekeeping functions of vitamin C. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>It is certain that AIDS
causes this depletion. The sicker the patient is, the more ascorbate will be
destroyed by the disease process. This depletion certainly contributes to the
terminal events and probably plays a key role in the increased susceptibility
of AIDS patients to various pathogens. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ASCORBATE VS. AN AIDS
SUPPRESSOR FACTOR</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>A recent article describes
the discovery of a -suppressor factor- in AIDS patients. This suppressor
factor was found to be neutralized in the test tube by concentrations of
ascorbate equivalent to that which would be achieved in a man who ingested 10
to 20 grams of ascorbate a day. It was thought that this amount was
-"far too toxic"- to use in humans and that a less toxic
antioxidant should be found (6). </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>-Actually, 10 to 20
grams/24 hours of ascorbate is easily tolerated and is not toxic-
(1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14). Unfortunately, clinically I have shown that
the AIDS disease process destroys even larger amounts of ascorbate than the
10 to 20 grams because bowel tolerance is regularly increased to the range of
from 40 to 185 grams of C per 24 hours in the patient who has moderate
Kaposi's lesions and/or moderate lymphadenopathy. -Therefore, the 10 to 20
gram equivalent of ascorbate in the test tube will not be adequate in
vivo-. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>PRELIMINARY STUDY</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Because of the
hypothesis that AIDS patients would benefit from large doses of ascorbate, I
began the actual treatment of AIDS patients and have found that ascorbate is
indeed very valuable when used in conjunction with certain conventional
treatments. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The following preliminary
recommendations are based partly upon an anecdotal group of approximately 90
AIDS patients who sought medical care from physicians but who also took high
doses of ascorbate on their own. Additionally, it is based upon 12 of my AIDS
patients, 6 of whom were given intravenous ascorbate for a short period of
time. Most of these patients have had considerable improvement in their
condition. This improvement seems somewhat proportional to the amount of
ascorbate taken by the patient relative to the severity of his disease. If
the patient tolerates enough ascorbate to "neutralize the toxicity"
of his disease and if the secondary infections are treated; his condition
will go into remission. Subjectively, symptoms decrease and increase
inversely with how closely the patient titrates to bowel tolerance. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The only death has been
in a patient who had previously chemotherapy, interferon, and total body Xray
therapy. Additionally, his veins were so destroyed by previous treatments
that intravenous vitamin C therapy could not be continued under the existing
circumstances. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Such a preliminary report
of recommendations is justified only because of the urgency of the problem
addressed and because in <st1:City w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:City> and now
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>,
news of the ascorbate treatment is spreading rapidly. Ascorbate is being used
by an increasing percentage of the AIDS patient population but without much
guidance. There have been many requests by physicians for the treatment
protocol. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ASCORBATE TREATMENT
PROTOCOL FOR AIDS PATIENTS</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The following
protocol is recommended for AIDS and AIDS related conditions including
lymphadenopathy, idiopathic thrombo- cytopenia purpura, and Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>As predicted, AIDS
patients are usually capable of ingesting large doses of ascorbate. It is
desirable that the amount of ascorbate taken orally be maximized. Patients
are -titrated to bowel tolerance- (the amount that almost, but not quite,
causes diarrhea). A -balanced ascorbate- mixture is utilized which is made up
of a mixture of approximately 25% buffered ascorbate salts (calcium, magnesium,
and potassium ascorbate) and 75% ascorbic acid. This mixture is dissolved in
a small amount of water and taken at least every hour. The purpose of the
frequent doses and this balanced mixture is to maximize the amount of
ascorbate tolerated without producing diarrhea. Patients are permitted to
vary the percentage of ascorbate salts to straight ascorbic acid according to
taste. The usual amount tolerated initially is between 40 and 100 grams per
24 hours. -Doses in excess of 100 grams per 24 hours may be necessary with
secondary bacterial and viral infections-. As the patient's condition
improves, bowel tolerance will decrease. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>When intravenous
ascorbate is found necessary because the toxicity of the condition exceeds
the ability of the patient to take adequate amounts of ascorbate to scavenge
all of the free radicals created by the primary AIDS infection and the
various secondary infections, the following intravenous solutions should be
utilized. Sodium ascorbate buffered to a pH 7.4 and without preservatives is
added to sterile water in a concentration of 60 grams per 500 cc. This
concentration is twice the concentration I have recommended before because it
is well tolerated in young males with large veins. Patients with small veins
may be best treated with solutions of 60 grams per liter. The time of the
infusions should be over at least a 3 hour period, preferably longer. As much
as daily administration of 3 bottles, 180 grams per 24 hours, may be
necessary in acutely ill patients, e.g. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,
disseminated herpes, disseminated cytomegalovirus, and atypical pneumonia.
Enough ascorbate should be administered to detoxify the patient regardless of
the amount needed. Additionally, oral doses of ascorbate should be taken
simultaneously with the intravenous ascorbate. -Do not let the patients
become lazy and discontinue bowel tolerance doses of ascorbate while the
intravenous ascorbate is being administered-. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>INTESTINAL PARASITES</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>If the AIDS patient
has intestinal parasites, he must be treated for them. There is a very high
percentage of male homosexuals infected with intestinal parasites. These
intestinal parasites are themselves very immunosuppressive. The prognosis for
an AIDS patient is greatly enhanced by proper treatment of these parasites.
-Entamoeba histolytica-, especially, and -Giardia lamblia- must be treated.
Intestinal parasites, ordinarily considered -non-pathogens-, should be
treated. If negative, repeated stool examinations for ova and parasites
should be taken if there is the slightest clinical sign of intestinal
parasite infection. Samples should be fresh, not over 2 hours old. Laxatives
may increase chances of discovering the parasites. Additional samples may
have to be taken through a sigmoidoscope if other specimens are negative for
ova and parasites. With treatment, Herxheimer's reactions should be expected
frequently. Symptoms, including Kaposi's lesions, may be exacerbated, despite
the ascorbate, during treatment for intestinal parasites. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CANDIDA ALBICANS</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Candida should be
sought and treated. It should be emphasized to patients that they owe it to
themselves and society to treat the Candida consistently because of the
possibility of breeding resistant strains. The possibility of candida in the
gut, esophagus, mouth, sinuses, skin, etc. should be considered. In patients
who clinically appear to have Candida but in whom Candida cannot be cultured,
sensitivities to Candida should be suspected and treatment of especially the
bowel should be considered. Herxheimer's reactions, when antibiotics against
Candida are employed, should be considered one indication that Candida is a
problem. In these sensitive patients, foods and vitamins containing yeasts
should be avoided. Lactobacillus in large amounts should be fed to these
patients in an attempt to normalize bowel flora. Sugar and refined
carbohydrates should be avoided because Candida thrives on them. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>There is a high incidence
of food and chemical sensitivities associated with Candida sensitivities
(15,16,17) and Candida must be suspected whenever such sensitivities are
discovered. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>FOOD AND CHEMICAL
SENSITIVITIES</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Food and chemical
sensitivities, both IgE mediated allergies and enzymatic deficiency allergies
(EDAS), are common because of the disorders of the immune system and the
severe stress imposed by the AID syndrome. This increased incidence of
sensitivities may be associated with Candida, as discussed above, but may
also be a result of the AIDS infection. Rashes, edema, phlebitis, etc. caused
by corn, yeast (including yeast containing vitamins), molds, house gas,
automobile exhaust, certain herbal formulas, cosmetics, formaldehyde,
insecticides, paints, glues, and cigarette smoke have all been observed in my
small group of patients. Conditions such as Kaposi's lesions, lymphadenopathy
and probably idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, conditions which would
otherwise be considered just part of the AID syndrome or AIDS related, have
been seen to be aggravated by food and chemical sensitivities. These sensitivities
should be anticipated and offending substances should be removed from the
patient's diet and environment. Ascorbate may or may not block these
sensitivities significantly; however, ascorbate may decrease the intensity
and duration of the reaction in such a way as to make clinical discovery of
the offending substance easier. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>This increased incidence
of food and chemical sensitivities is very important to understand because
apparent adverse reactions to vitamin C may occur. These reactions are almost
never due to the ascorbate itself. Most ascorbate is made from corn. Minute
amounts of chemicals used in the manufacture of ascorbate may remain.
Residuals of these substances are almost invariably the cause of the
sensitivity reactions. Ascorbates made from sego palm or from tapioca and
which presumably are manufactured with some different chemicals, are often
tolerated. Different brands should be tried. It is almost always possible to
find some ascorbate that is tolerated. This sensitivity problem is very important
to deal with because patients frequently feel their life depends on taking
adequate amounts of ascorbate and they may be correct in this feeling. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Many times
gastrointestinal discomfort and excessive gas can be alleviated by changing
to the sego palm ascorbate or changing brands of ascorbate. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>OTHER CONSIDERATIONS</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Bacterial infections
should be treated with appropriate antibiotics but large amounts of
lactobacillus should be administered with foods if there is the slightest
tendency to Candida infections or sensitivities. Ascorbate administration
should be intensified during treatment for bacterial infections. Intravenous
ascorbate may be necessary. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Viral infections should
be treated with intensification of the ascorbate treatment. Intravenous ascorbate
may become necessary. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Immunosuppressive therapy
should not be utilized.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Sugar and processed
foods, foods with chemicals, recreational drugs, cigarettes, alcohol, etc.
should be avoided. Obvious nutritional deficits should be sought and corrected.
Additional supplimentation with especially zinc and selenium may be
helpful. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>All sharing of body
fluids and fecal material should stop (18). Repeated exposures, not only to
possible AIDS infection, but to the secondary infections, especially intestinal
parasites and Candida should be avoided. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>HELPER/SUPPRESSOR CELL
RATIO</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>With this protocol,
it may be anticipated that a large percentage of patients will slowly go into
an extended clinical remission. Patients must be on guard to sense any
impending infection, colds, etc. The patient should begin the additional
large frequent doses of ascorbate within minutes. At the dose levels that
have been possible under circumstances imposed, a slow improvement of the
total number of T-lymphocytes may occur but helper/suppressor cell ratios may
remain suppressed. It appears that ascorbate may assist the immune system,
but that in addition, there are mechanisms whereby ascorbate acts against
pathogens, especially viruses and bacteria by mechanisms which do not depend
on the T-cells. For this reason, I would suggest using the ascorbate portion
of this protocol on children who have to be permanently isolated from the
slightest exposure to infections (bubble babies). </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>MONITORING VALUE OF
ASCORBATE "BURN"</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Roughly to the degree
that a patient clinically perceives himself to feel toxic (the amount of
malaise, fever, pain, how swollen the lymph nodes, how much anxiety, etc.),
the more ascorbic acid can be tolerated orally without it producing diarrhea.
The amount tolerated becomes a rough measurement of something that represents
the immediate toxicity of the condition. I use the expression "100 gram
cold" to mean that at the peak of the cold a patient tolerated 100 grams
per 24 hours of ascorbic acid without diarrhea. In cases where I am not sure
what is causing an increased tolerance or if a person is multiply ill with
several secondary infections, I refer to the processes going on which are
using up the ascorbate as the "-burn-." Note that the amount of
ascorbic acid tolerated is only a good measure of this burn if it is the
amount determined by titrating to "true" bowel tolerance, i.e.,
diarrhea caused by ascorbic acid in a patient who otherwise tolerates
ascorbate well; not limits set by "too much gas", "don't like
the taste", "stomach too acid", etc. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The amount of this burn
has some practical and prognostic values; e.g., a patient with a burn much
over 25-30 grams almost inevitably has something the matter with him and a
thorough diagnostic workup is indicated. A lover of one of the AIDS patients
had a burn of 100 grams. It was found that his helper/suppressor T-cell ratio
was 0.7 but he had no other sign of disease. Over a 6 month period, the burn
has dropped to 25 grams. AIDS has not been diagnosed in this patient but there
is good reason to suspect that he has a pre-AIDS condition. The AIDS patient
himself has had his burn drop from 125 grams to 35 grams. His lymphadenopathy
has improved considerably. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AIDS POSSIBLY INVOLVING A
PERMANENT OR PROLONGED LOSS OF T-HELPER CELLS</span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>One patient who
managed to eliminate all signs of Kaposi's lesions while taking ascorbic acid
had had his burn down to 15 grams a day for 6 months despite the
helper/supressor T-cell ratio remaining at 0.2. There had been some slight
increase in the absolute number of helper and suppressor cells. Previously
detected shedding of CMV (cytomegalovirus) had apparently stopped. This
patient had 3 Kaposi's lesions (diagnosed as Kaposi's sarcoma on biopsy)
recur on the right foot following a cold, herpes simplex, and influenza, all
within a 2 month period. The burn markedly increased, peaking at 185 grams
per 24 hours. In 2 weeks time, the patient had managed to eliminate all signs
of the lesions on the foot. The ascorbate burn slowly has lessened; now 2 months
later, the burn is at 25 grams and decreasing. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>This case, plus the
previous two cases, strongly suggest that the basic AIDS infection, probably
caused by a virus, is no longer active in these cases and that subsequent
ascorbate burns and various later manifestations of the AID syndrome are
caused by secondary and opportunistic infections. One is reminded of the
permanent damage of certain viral infections in association with certain
predisposing factors initiating an immune response to the beta cells of the
islets of Langerhans and causing juvenile-onset diabetes (19). </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ASCORBATE AND THE
POSSIBLE PREVENTION OF AIDS</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Morishige has
demonstrated the effectiveness of ascorbate in preventing hepatitis B from blood
transfusions (20). A similarity exists between AIDS and hepatitis B. It has
been my experience that patients treated with large doses of ascorbate during
the acute phase of hepatitis will not develop chronic hepatitis. My
experience with herpes simplex has been the same. Although ascorbate is
helpful to a degree with chronic viral infections, it is in the treatment of
acute viral diseases that it is most effective. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>It is on this basis that
I recommend that all persons who fear exposure to AIDS and certainly anyone
receiving blood trans- fusions or other blood products which could in the
most remote way have been obtained from an AIDS carrier, be put on bowel
tolerance doses of ascorbate. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CONTROLLED STUDIES OF
OTHER SUBSTANCES [may be] CONTAMINATED WITH ASCORBATE</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>As a result of
publications in periodicals concerned about the AID syndrome, (21,22) a
rapidly increasing number of AIDS patients in the San Francisco Bay Area are
taking large doses of ascorbate. The same practice is starting in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place> and
elsewhere. I would suggest that physicians conducting controlled experiments
on interferon, and shortly with interleukin 2, be sensitive to the fact that
their patients are, and will be con- taminating the experiments with massive
doses of ascorbate. Statistical analysis of the results of such trials will
probably be valueless. Ascorbate has been contaminating cancer treatment
studies for some time as a result of orthomolecular literature (23,24,25). I
estimate that a significant increasing percentage of cancer patients in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">California</st1:State></st1:place> and other
parts of the world are taking massive doses of ascorbate. Most of these
patients are hiding this fact from their oncologist. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>BROADER PROBLEMS</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The AID syndrome has
not only become a major threat to the special groups ordinarily affected but
threatens to spread at least to some extent into other groups. The
increasingly large number of persons infected by the disease increases the
possibility of mutations which could alter the routes of infection. Even
without this possibility occurring, the large population of immune suppressed
persons comprises a major health hazard because of the large pools of
secondary infectious diseases generated. The large, growing pool of
intestinal parasites, heretofore present in the western world in only small
numbers, is one example of that problem. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>POSSIBLE ELIMINATION OF
THE AID SYNDROME</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Practical
considerations (lack of money and lack of hospital facilities) have prevented
me from administering the doses of ascorbate which I think might -possibly-
eliminate the probable viral infection initiating the AID syndrome. I suggest
that the helper/suppressor T-cell ratios should be carefully monitored while
at least 180 grams/24 hours of ascorbate is administered intravenously. At
the same time bowel tolerance doses of ascorbate should be taken orally. This
program should be followed over an extended period of time (minimum 2 weeks)
to find out if there is any direct effect on the process causing the
AIDS. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>I have preliminary
evidence in one patient in which the above program was tried that while the
secondary problems were markedly suppressed by the ascorbate (7 lbs, 11 oz in
14 days) that the basic AIDS condition was not reversed. This case plus the
cases implying the permanent or prolonged suppression of the immune system
make it essential to treat the prodrome stages of AIDS with ascorbate. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>If there is not a
complete elimination of the basic AIDS process, bowel tolerance doses of
ascorbate and the rest of the described protocol will probably have to be
maintained for life. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>My experience (1,2,3,4),
and experience of other researchers (10,11,12,13,14,20,26,27) is that acute
self limiting viral diseases can be reliably cured with massive doses of
ascorbate. Viral diseases that have become chronic seem to involve pathologic
processes which are not quite as susceptible to ascorbate but which
nevertheless are ameliorated, sometimes seemingly cured. It is hoped that
funds will be made available for such a project. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>C-PASTE</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Herpes simplex lesions
can usually be made to more rapidly heal or be prevented at the outset by
increasing the doses of oral ascorbic acid and the application of C-paste.
C-paste is made with either ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate and water
applied directly to the skin and covered with a bandage. Frequently, one
application will suffice for herpes. Care should be taken not to irritate
intact skin too much in sensitive skin areas, especially under adhesive
bandages. Frequently applications to intact skin where the patient perceives
an outbreak is about to occur will completely abort the attack. Several
applications may be necessary to penetrate through the intact skin. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>C-paste has also been
useful on early Kaposi's lesions. It should be applied up to 4 times a day.
Alternatively, soaks of 20% sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid (1 gram per 5
cc of water) for 15-30 minutes, 4 times a day may be helpful. Be careful not
to irritate the skin too much even with these solutions. Keep ascorbic acid
out of the eyes; a 20% -sodium ascorbate- solution can be used in the eyes
with care. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>KAPOSI'S LESIONS</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Kaposi's lesions have
been described as behaving like an infectious disease closely associated with
CMV (28). With ascorbate treatment, Kaposi's lesions may be made to go away
if the patient takes enough ascorbate and the patient is not burdened by
multiple opportunistic infections. In patients with multiple problems, there
tend to be outbreaks of the Kaposi's lesions associated with colds,
parasites, herpes, or emotional stress and particularly associated with a
letdown in the amount of C taken. Even in patients with multiple lesions,
individual lesions can frequently be seen to lose color and flatten with the
local application of ascorbate soaks. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CONCLUSIONS</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Ascorbate does ameliorate
the AID syndrome to a significant degree. I want to emphsize, however, the
absolute necessity of massive doses. Additionally, one must avoid and treat
oppor- tunistic infections. Multiple infections, lack of understanding in the
use of C, or inability to tolerate the doses prescribed, all result in a poor
prognosis. The success of treatments with ascorbate entirely depends on
consistent administration of C sufficient to neutralize the free radicals
produced by the various diseases. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The use of ascorbate is
increasing in the male homosexual population of the San Francisco Bay Area
and spreading across the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region></st1:place>. It will be very interesting to see
if there are any otherwise unexplained decreases in the rate of increase of
new cases of AIDS and associated deaths starting in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:City></st1:place>. The use of C is
contaminating otherwise thought to be controlled studies of other therapeutic
measures. Other considerations plus the potential application of ascorbate as
part of the treatment of all infectious diseases, makes the clarification of
the usefulness of ascorbate to the medical profession essential. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CAUTION</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>If these oral
solutions are used over a long period of time, care should be taken to keep
them off the teeth by using a straw in order to avoid enamel damage. Sickle
cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiencies should be ruled out where indicated. In
any condition requiring prolonged administration of large amounts of any
nutrient, I would advise seeking the advice of a specialist to avoid induced
deficiencies in other nutrients. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>REFERENCES</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1. Cathcart,
R.F. Clinical trial of vitamin C. Letter to the Editor, Medical Tribune, June
25, 1975. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*2. Cathcart, R.F.
The method of determining proper doses of vitamin C for the treatment of
disease by titrating to bowel tolerance. J. Orthomolecular Psychiatry,
10:125-132, 1981. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*3. Cathcart, R.F.
Vitamin C: titrating to bowel tolerance, anascorbemia, and acute induced
scurvy. Medical Hypotheses, 7:1359-1376, 1981.</span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*4. Cathcart, R.F.
C-vitaminbehandling till tarmintolerans vid infektioner och allergi.
Biologisk Medicin, 3:6-8, 1983. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*5. Cathcart, R.F.
Vitamin C function in AIDS. Current Opinion, Medical Tribune, July 13,
1983. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*6. Laurence J. The
mystery factor that's destroying immunity. American Health, May/June
1983. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*7. Stone, I. The
Healing Factor: Vitamin C Against Disease. Grosset and <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Dunlap</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">New
York</st1:State></st1:place>, 1972. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*8. Pauling, L.
Vitamin C and the Common Cold. W.H. Freeman and Company, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:City></st1:place>, 1970. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*9. Pauling, L.
Vitamin C, the Common Cold, and the Flu. W.H. Freeman and Company, <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">San Francisco</st1:City></st1:place>,
1976. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*10. Klenner FR. Virus
pneumonia and its treatment with vitamin C. J. South. Med. and Surg.,
110:60-63, 1948 </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*11. Klenner FR. The
treatment of poliomyelitis and other virus diseases with vitamin C. J.
South. Med. and Surg., 111:210-214, 1949. </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*12. Klenner, F.R.
Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. J. South. Med. and
Surg., 113:101-107, 1951. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*13. Klenner, F.R.
Observations on the dose and administration of ascorbic acid when employed
beyond the range of a vitamin in human pathology. J. App. Nutr., 23:61-88,
1971. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*14. Kalokerinos,
A. Every Second Child. Keats Publishing, Inc., <st1:place
w:st="on">New Canaan</st1:place>, 1981 </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*15. Truss, C.O.
Tissue injury induced by Candida Albicans: Mental and neurologic
manifestations. J. Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 7,1:17-37, 1978. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*16. Truss, C.O.
Restoration of immunologic competence to Candida Albicans. J.
Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 9,4:287-301, 1980. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*17. Truss, C.O. The
role of Candida Albicans in human illness. J. Orthomolecular
Psychiatry, 10,4:228-238, 1981. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*18. Mavligit, G.M.,
Talpaz, M., Hsia, F.T., Wong, W., Lichtiger, B., Mansell, W.A., Mumford,
D.M. Chronic Immune stimulation by sperm alloantigens. JAMA,
251:237-241, 1984. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*19. Notkins, A.L.
The Causes of Diabetes. Scientific American, 241,5:62-73, Nov.
1979. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*20. Murata, A. Virucidal
activity of vitamin C: Vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of viral
diseases. Proceedings of the First Intersectional Congress of Microbiological
societies, Science Council of Japan, 3:432-42, 1975. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*21. Cathcart, R.F.
Vitamin C function in AIDS. Bay Area Reporter, p.18, Nov 17,
1983. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*22. Cathcart, R.F.
Vitamin C treatment protocol for AIDS, Bay Area Reporter, p.14-15, Jan 5,
1984. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*23. Cameron, E. and
Pauling, L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer:
Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 73:3685-3689,</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1976. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*24. Cameron, E. and Pauling,
L. The orthomolecular treatment of cancer: Reevaluation of prolongation of
survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
75:4538-4542,</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1978. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*25. Cameron, E. and
Pauling, L. Cancer and Vitamin C. The Linus Pauling Institute for
Science and Medicine, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Menlo Park</st1:City></st1:place>,
1979. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*26. Belfield, W.O.,
Vitamin C in treatment of canine and feline distemper complex.
Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician, pp. 345-48, Apr 1967. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*27. Belfield, W.O. and
Zucker, M. How to Have a Healthier Dog. Doubleday & Company, Inc., <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>, 1981. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>*28. Siegal, F.P. and
Siegal, M. AIDS:The Medical Mystery. Grove Press, Inc., <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:State w:st="on">New York</st1:State></st1:place>, 1983.</span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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