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<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>Interview
with </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'>DR. BRUCE
AMES</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
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<p><span style='color:red'>Dr. Bruce Ames</span><br>
<a href="index.html">Home</a></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial;
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<pre><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>DR. BRUCE NATHAN <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">AMES</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></span></b></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Bruce Ames, PhD, is 78 years young
(2006) and he is quite certain that good nutrition has kept him that way. Dr.
Ames, Professor in the Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the
University of California at Berkeley, has research interests that seem to
closely coincide with those of this Newsletter’s regular readers. “Inadequate
intakes of vitamins and minerals (less than 50% of the RDA) are very common,”
says his UC Berkley webpage, adding that “inadequate intake of folate, B12,
or B6 leads to chromosome breaks” just as if radiation caused those breaks. (
<a href="http://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/BMB/amesb.html">http://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/BMB/amesb.html</a>
) In addition to emphasizing the dangers of zinc deficiencies in men, and
iron deficiencies in women, Dr. Ames is an advocate of supplemental
alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine, and supports the use of high
therapeutic doses of B-vitamins.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Dr. Ames is also a senior
scientist on the staff of Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute,
with over 500 publications to his name. The very often-quoted, and very busy
professor kindly agreed to this special interview conducted by Doctor <span
class=GramE>Yourself</span> publisher Andrew Saul, which is presented below
in edited form.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DOCTOR
YOURSELF NEWS: Dr. Ames, I am especially interested your thoughts on our
often-overlooked need for nutrients. How bad is the Standard American Diet?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Dr. BRUCE
AMES: When you drink a soft drink, you get 10 teaspoons of sugar and no
vitamins. Obesity is an epidemic. A third of the children coming into
Children’s Hospital where I work now are clinically obese. The problem is
worse in the poorer populations, chiefly Black and Hispanic. Obese people are
at the bottom of the heap for micronutrients because they are eating this
lousy diet. And, obese people are inflamed. The gut has all that food fuel,
and a lack of micronutrients, which encourages the bad bacteria, the
clostridium and others that overwhelm and give you inflammation, and then the
bad bacteria start leaking through.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
New government-sponsored food recommendations call for nine or ten servings
of fruits and vegetables a day. Yet there seems to be trouble getting people
to eat five. What's wrong?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: There has been the least success
with the poor. It all depends on thinking long-term. The problem is getting
people to eat good diets. It is a struggle. So, I recommend taking a
multivitamin as insurance. Everybody in the world should take a daily
multivitamin. Many nutritionists don’t like that. But you need both good diet
and nutritional insurance. My interest is preventive medicine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Government-sponsored nutrient levels, such as the RDA and DRI, have been
widely criticized as being too low. What specific changes in these
recommended levels would you support?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: People are not even getting the
current RDAs. I think some of the recommended levels might go up a bit,
especially the B-vitamins, when we start to learn more about long-term
damage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What are some of the major health problems caused by micronutrient
deficiency? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Deficiency causes so much harm.
For example, folic acid deficiency breaks chromosomes. If you do not have
enough micronutrients, you are aging yourself fast. Whatever micronutrient
group you look at, some group is low in it. A quarter of menstruating women
are getting less than half the RDA of iron. Half of the poor used to take in
less than half the RDA of folate, before folate fortification of flour in the
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span class=GramE>U.S.</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span
class=GramE>.</span> I think the first priority is getting the poor and obese
up to the <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>RDA for
the vitamins and minerals. And the cost of supplements? They are really
cheap.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What aspects of high-dose nutrient therapy show most promise, in your
opinion?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: There are diseases that are
curable by high B-vitamins. We’ve found 50 different genetic diseases where
some doctor had shown that you can reverse the disease by feeding a high dose
of B-vitamin. A high dose of a B-vitamin does raise the corresponding
coenzyme level, as we have found.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
And as for B-vitamin safety?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: You can take 50 times the RDA of
most B-vitamins, though I don’t recommend that, they are safe. I may need
more of a B-vitamin than you do. Roger J. Williams and Linus Pauling had the
idea but never really showed that you could raise coenzyme levels, which I
think is the mechanism of the effect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What quantities of supplemental nutrients do you personally take daily?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: I take a multivitamin every day.
Also, they do not have enough calcium or magnesium, so I take extra. I also
eat a good diet.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What public health improvements might result from all Americans taking
nutritional supplements?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Particularly if you could get
the poor to do it, you would see a considerable decrease in medical bills,
and an increase in health and life expectancy. You’d get less degenerative
disease of all sorts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Years ago, I showed my college classes some video footage of you being
interviewed on national television. You were speaking about what really
causes cancer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: People think cancer is due to
some external toxin. But in fact, most of the cancers are due to the lousy
diets people are eating, or their smoking. Smoking depletes <span
class=GramE>all your</span> vitamin C. It also depletes a number of other
micronutrients.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
So would you say that, rather than focus on very small amounts of toxic
chemicals, we should look at the fact that we are malnourished?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
And that is probably what is really causing cancer?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>That’s my
guess, yes. If you scare people about a thousand hypothetical minor risks,
nobody knows what is important anymore.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
A well-publicized 1998 study was presented to the public as a claim that
vitamin C is harmful to DNA. Your thoughts, please?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: That was a lousy experiment. I
know that paper. The epidemiology was not good, and the science wasn’t good.
It was way over-hyped.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Do you take extra vitamin C?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: When I get a cold, or when I
feel one coming on, I suck 500 mg vitamin C pills frequently. When your white
blood cells are fighting, they need a little help.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
So a sick body needs more vitamin C?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Yes, as inflammation uses it up.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What about vitamin C as a treatment for cancer?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: The Cameron-Pauling studies
claimed to cure cancer. <span class=SpellE>Moertel</span> at the Mayo Clinic
“repeated” the study and said they did not see any effect, but they gave the
vitamin orally. The Cameron-Pauling study injected the vitamin C, and that
makes a big difference. You can get really high blood levels of vitamin C
when you inject it, and when you feed it you can’t get it that high. High
doses will kill tumor cells preferentially. I think there is going to be a
new interest in using vitamin C against cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
A recent meta-analysis more than suggests that high doses of vitamin E are
actually harmful. Your comments?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: I think all that was exaggerated
a bit. There are a lot of things wrong with some of those negative vitamin E
analyses. It is best to take the natural vitamin E, with gamma tocopherol, as
well as the d-alpha tocopherol. A mixed natural vitamin E, 200-400 IU per
day, is a good idea. An excellent website is the Linus Pauling Institute. ( <a
href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/">http://lpi.oregonstate.edu</a> ) They have
very good people running a very good site discussing each of the
micronutrients.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
How long have you been at UC Berkeley?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Since 1968; 37 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
How many graduate students do you supervise?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: Currently one, plus a dozen <span
class=SpellE>postdoc’s</span> and a couple of physicians.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Would you please comment on the <span class=SpellE>Juvenon</span> company <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>( </span></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
Arial'><a href="http://www.juvenon.com/about/scientific.htm">http://www.juvenon.com/about/scientific.htm</a>
) and your interest in its products?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: I founded <span class=SpellE>Juvenon</span>;
all my stock is in a non-profit foundation and <span class=SpellE>Juvenon</span>
profits fund clinical trials. I get no money from <span class=SpellE>Juvenon</span>
at all. We demonstrated wonders for decayed mitochondria in old rats, and for
cognition and energy level in the rats. There has been one successful
clinical trial so far in people, and hopefully more to come. The two
mitochondrial <span class=SpellE>biochemicals</span> in the product are <span
class=SpellE>acety</span>-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Should there be RDA/<span class=SpellE>DRI's</span> for alpha-lipoic acid,
and acetyl-L-carnitine? If so, in what amounts?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: There is not enough data in
humans. However, I take 400 mg alpha-lipoic acid, <span class=GramE>1,000
acetyl-L-carnitine daily</span>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What advice would you most like to offer to our readers?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: You mean about diet? I’d say,
“Your Mom knew.” Try and eat a good diet: lots of fruits and vegetables, less
meat and more fish. Keep the meat within bounds. I try to never eat meat more
than once a day, or even every day. Eat lots of whole grains, not so much
refined, well, anything<span class=GramE>!.</span> Avoid the cookies and
white bread. Drink water instead of sugary soft drinks. Get some exercise.
Get some sunshine. Your Mom knew all these things.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
What about vitamin D?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: People who are dark skinned, or
even many Caucasians, should take a vitamin D supplement. Vitamin D is going
to turn out to be a very big thing for dark-skinned people. I think they are
going to eventually increase the amount of vitamin D in a multivitamin.
There’s now only 400 IU, and that’s not enough. You need at least 1,000 IU of
vitamin D. The RDA should definitely be increased. You’d get 20,000 IU if you
were out in the sun.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
So if you were asked by the RDA or DRI committee, what would you recommend
for a daily intake vitamin D?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: In the range of 3,000 IU per day
for an adult. Certainly a minimum of 1,000 IU per day, for all ages.
Eventually people will realize it, and they will raise the recommended level,
but it is just taking a long time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
If you had a personal motto, what would it be?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: “Do what you are enthusiastic
about.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
You are clearly enthusiastic about nutrition research. What drew you into it
in the beginning?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: I was interested in cancer
prevention. I recognized that the chromosome breaks due to folate deficiency
were important. Zinc deficiency damages mitochondria, which are the “power
plants” of your cells. So does B-6 deficiency, pantothenic acid deficiency,
and biotin deficiency. When you are getting low levels, you are pouring
oxygen radicals out; you’re battering up your DNA, and you are aging more
quickly. The price the cell pays for being short of micronutrients is DNA
damage, which leads to cancer in the future, and ages you faster. When you
make human cells slightly deficient in either a vitamin or a mineral, I think
you’re going to get DNA damage. A lot of the degenerative diseases of aging
are being tied to mitochondrial decay. I think better diet and
supplementation would result in less neurodegenerative disease, less cancer,
less Alzheimer’s, less Parkinson’s, less diabetes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
This being the Doctor Yourself Newsletter, what are your thoughts on the
shortcomings of modern medicine?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: There’s nothing wrong with
doctors; it’s just that they have no training in nutrition and they’re not
very interested in prevention. So you get a disease and they try to give you
a pill.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>DY NEWS:
Do you have any plans for retirement?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>AMES</span></st1:City></st1:place><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>: None. I enjoy my work. I have no
interest in retiring and playing golf. I was born without a sports gene. The
most fun is just doing science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Recommended for Further <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Reading</st1:place></st1:City>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Increasing
Longevity by Tuning-up Metabolism. [B.N. Ames (2005) EMBO Reports, 6: S20-4]
(1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Heme deficiency
may be a factor in the mitochondrial and neuronal decay of aging. [H. <span
class=SpellE>Atamna</span>, D.W. <span class=SpellE>Killilea</span>, A.N. <span
class=SpellE>Killilea</span>, and B.N. Ames (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. <span
class=SpellE>Sci</span>. U S A, 99: 14807-14812] (2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Iron
deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats.
[P.W. Walter, M.D. Knutson, A. Paler-Martinez, S. Lee, Y. <span class=SpellE>Xu</span>,
F.E. <span class=SpellE>Viteri</span>, and B.N. Ames (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad.
<span class=SpellE>Sci</span>. USA, 99: 2264-2269] (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Low
intracellular zinc induces oxidative DNA damage, disrupts p53, <span
class=SpellE>NFkB</span>, and AP1 DNA-binding, and affects DNA repair in a
rat <span class=SpellE>glioma</span> cell line. [E. Ho and B.N. Ames (2002)
Proc. Natl. Acad. <span class=SpellE>Sci</span>. USA, 99: 16770-16775] (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>High-dose
vitamins stimulate variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme-binding affinity
(increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. [B.N. Ames, <st1:place
w:st="on">I.</st1:place> Elson-Schwab, and E.A. Silver (2002) Am. J. <span
class=SpellE>Clin</span>. <span class=SpellE>Nutr</span>., 75: 616-658] (5)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Feeding
acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves
metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. [T.M. Hagen, J. Liu, J.
<span class=SpellE>Lykkesfeldt</span>, C.M. <span class=SpellE>Wehr</span>,
R.T. <span class=SpellE>Ingersoll</span>, V. <span class=SpellE>Vinarsky</span>,
J.C. Bartholomew, and B.N. Ames (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. <span class=SpellE>Sci</span>.
USA, 99: 1870-1875] (6)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Memory
loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA
oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-a-lipoic
acid. [J. Liu, E. Head, A.M. <span class=SpellE>Gharib</span>, W. Yuan, R.T. <span
class=SpellE>Ingersoll</span>, T.M. Hagen, C.W. <span class=SpellE>Cotman</span>,
and B.N. Ames (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. <span class=SpellE>Sci</span>. USA 99:
2356-2361] (7)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Age-associated
mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine <span class=SpellE>acetyltransferase</span>
substrate binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old <span
class=GramE>rats</span> acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-a-lipoic acid. [J. Liu,
D. <span class=SpellE>Killilea</span>, and B.N. Ames (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad.
<span class=SpellE>Sci</span>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place> 99: 1876-1881] (8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>Andrew Saul is the <span class=GramE><span class=grame>author of the
books <i>FIRE</i></span></span><i> YOUR DOCTOR!</i> How <i>to be
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) and <i>DOCTOR YOURSELF: Natural Healing that Works.</i> (reviewed at <a
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<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><b
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style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Interview and comments copyright
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