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  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:red'>Fertility Control</span> <br>
  <a href="index.html">Home</a></p>
  </td>
  <td width=18 style='width:13.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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  <td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Great
  moments in education, number 62:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
  </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>While giving a talk
  on vitamins at a local college, I mentioned British Captain James Cook, who
  was unusually dedicated in employing nutrition to wipe out scurvy on his
  ships.&nbsp;I mentioned that, on a long voyage, Captain Cook did experiments
  with his seamen.&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Boy, did <b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>that</b> break the ice.&nbsp;</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Of course I get a
  lot of questions about natural birth control.&nbsp;(Pretty funny, that is.
  I've got a question for you: Would you like to know how many of my kids were
  unplanned?)&nbsp;I'm also asked, What options are there to drug or barrier
  methods?&nbsp;Can a safe, natural form of contraception really cost nothing,
  and be over 99% effective?&nbsp;As a former school sex-education coordinator
  and author of a Master's thesis on the subject, I offer the following excerpt
  if you are interested.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
  &nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>THE OVULATION AND
  MUCUS METHODS OF BIRTH CONTROL</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Even if it is
  granted that birth control education should begin very early, and that
  fertility awareness is a desirable inclusion, some objections may
  remain.&nbsp; One such objection is that there is no reliable indicator of
  fertility. This erroneous idea is widely held but false.&nbsp;A woman's
  cervical mucus secretion is a most reliable indicator of fertility (Clift,
  1945; Billings, 1981). Using this fact to prevent conception is the basis for
  the ovulation method of birth control.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;The Billings Method
  is named after Drs. John and Evelyn Billings of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
   w:st="on">Melbourne</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region></st1:place>.&nbsp;They
  were instrumental in developing, testing and promoting this natural birth
  control method since the early 1950's. It is similar to the Ovulation Method
  or the Mucus Method.&nbsp;It is not the Rhythm Method. In fact, the reason
  the <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Billingses</st1:place></st1:City>
  began their investigation of natural birth control in the first place is
  because the Rhythm Method was not reliable.</span><span style='font-size:
  11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;&quot;Natural birth
  control&quot; often conjures up images of ineffectiveness, complexity and
  Catholicism.&nbsp;This is unfortunate and inaccurate.&nbsp; Natural birth
  control methods are at the very least better than no contraception at
  all.&nbsp;Even the Rhythm Method, when carefully and consistently employed,
  may be as high as 80% effective in preventing pregnancy (<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>, 1978).&nbsp; Rhythm has been
  widely used since1930.&nbsp; Kantner and Zelnik (1972) said that&nbsp;</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;&quot;Those who
  have heard about the Rhythm Method, however, generally know more than those
  who have not about the time of risk within the menstrual cycle.&nbsp; About
  47 percent of those who have heard about&nbsp;rhythm&nbsp;know when the
  period of greatest risk is, compared to 24 percent of those&nbsp;&nbsp; who
  have not heard about rhythm.&quot; (p. 17)</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
  <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Learning rhythm, then,
  seems to increase fertility awareness.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Because the failure
  rate with rhythm is still too high, there have been attempts to improve on
  it.&nbsp;The temperature method is perhaps one of the best known refinements
  on rhythm. It is based on an observed temperature rise at the time of a
  woman's ovulation each month.&nbsp;Three days after this temperature rise,
  she is infertile until at least the next menstrual period.&nbsp;While
  temperature indicates ovulation, it fails to predict it.&nbsp;Intercourse
  before the thermal shift, then, again becomes a matter of rhythm-style
  calendar estimation.&nbsp;Another drawback is that &quot;Not all temperature
  curves have a temperature rise which is easily recognizable.&nbsp; Often it
  is difficult to correctly determine the beginning of the hyperthermic
  phase&quot; (Doring, 1973, p. 173).&nbsp; A significant temperature rise may
  be as low as 0.1 degree centigrade, making this quite reliable method
  demanding to use.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;The Billings Method
  refines and simplifies natural birth control greatly.&nbsp;Its refinements
  are that it requires no equipment (no thermometer, no calendar), no
  guesswork, and that it will predict ovulation.&nbsp; It is simple enough that
  &quot;At least 80% of women learn the ovulation (<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>) method at the initial
  instruction&quot; (Billings, 1973, p. 167).&nbsp; &quot;Experience has shown
  that an overwhelming majority of women, probably nine out of ten, can
  immediately interpret their own mucus system... The remainder can also be
  taught to do so&quot; (Billings &amp; Billings, 1974).</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;The ovulation/mucus
  method is a one-step reading of a woman's cervical mucus.&nbsp; It is
  performed by the woman herself in a moment and without internal
  examination.&nbsp;Every day, she gently wipes the labia with clean, dry,
  white toilet paper.&nbsp;She looks at the paper to see if there is any mucus
  on it.&nbsp; If there is, she is likely to be fertile. If the mucus is wet
  and slippery, and can be easily stretched, then she is very fertile.&nbsp;If
  the paper stays dry, she is likely to be infertile that day.&nbsp;On the day
  of the most wet, slippery, clear mucus she is most fertile of all.&nbsp;This
  day is called the peak day, and is often the very day she ovulates. She will
  also feel wettest on this day.&nbsp; She remains fertile for three days after
  the peak.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;It does not matter
  how old the woman is, nor does it matter how long her menstrual cycles
  are.&nbsp;Unlike with the Rhythm Method, there is no need for regular
  menstrual cycles.&nbsp;There is no need to 'fit&quot; into a normal,
  clockwork-like 28 day model.&nbsp;If a woman has short menstrual cycles, she
  will ovulate early.&nbsp; If they are long, she will ovulate late. The mucus
  is there at ovulation, regardless.&nbsp;If she misses a period, there will
  simply have been no ovulation, and therefore no fertile, wet mucus that
  cycle.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;A woman does not
  even have to know how to read and write to use ovulation methods
  effectively.&nbsp;Trials in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tonga</st1:place></st1:country-region>
  (Polynesian islands in the south Pacific) between 1970 and 1972 showed high
  levels of acceptance and success with the Billings Method.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&quot;331 couples opted
  for the ovulation method. Most women found the mucus symptom immediately
  recognizable, and were pleased by the simplicity of the
  method.&quot;&nbsp;(Weissmann et al, 1972, p. 813)</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Colored stamps, shells,
  beads and knots in a rope are sufficient for record keeping. Even blind women
  can be taught to use the method (Billings, 1981; Billings &amp; Billings,
  1974).</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Abnormal
  temperature, such as a low fever, will interfere with the temperature method
  of birth control. It will not obstruct accurate readings with the ovulation
  method, however. Abnormal vaginal discharges, also, &quot;do not prevent the
  woman from recognizing the time of fertility&quot; (Weissmann et al, 1972, p.
  814).</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;The ovulation mucus
  symptom is common to all women, including post-menarche girls.&nbsp;Given the
  knowledge, any woman can use the method for her entire reproductive lifetime
  without financial cost.&nbsp; Unlike medical methods of birth control, there
  are no harmful side effects with the Billings Method.&nbsp; Since a
  significant number of adolescent girls avoid birth control because they perceive
  it as harmful to their bodies (Zabian &amp; Clark. 1987), this is an
  important positive feature of the method.&nbsp;Indeed, increased
  self-knowledge has very positive results. Says <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>: &quot;This self-awareness of the
  natural manifestations of female reproductive physiology... offers warnings
  against impulsive sexual relationships which might lead to pregnancy&quot;
  (1981, p.194).</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;It is one thing for
  knowledge to exist and another thing to deliver that knowledge to those who
  most need it.&nbsp;One of the problems in teaching the ovulation, mucus
  and/or <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>
  methods has been a shortage of informed teachers.&nbsp;The National Directory
  of Billings Ovulation Method Teachers (1988) lists fewer than 400 entries for
  the entire <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.&nbsp;Few
  physicians and nurses know of the method's effectiveness, and fewer teach
  it.&nbsp;Yet <st1:City w:st="on">Billings</st1:City> (1972) said that
  &quot;The combined biological failure-rate and user-failure rate of the
  ovulation (<st1:City w:st="on">Billings</st1:City>) method in <st1:country-region
  w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Tonga</st1:place></st1:country-region> was
  0.69%&quot; (p. 1193).&nbsp;This is a very low failure rate indeed, since
  Rossman (1967) places the birth control pill at 1.2%.&nbsp;Planned Parenthood
  says that excellent use of natural birth control can be up to 99% effective.
  (What's the best method of birth control for me?&quot;, 1986).&nbsp;It would
  not seem that lack of effectiveness explains failure to promote the
  ovulation/ mucus methods. It is more likely that there is some other reason.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;The simplicity of
  these methods has already been discussed above, as has the universality of
  the mucus symptom among women. If it is a simple matter, and if all women
  experience it, perhaps it has not been taught simply enough, or not taught at
  all.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;A nurse-midwife
  taught me and my wife at the time these methods in half an hour.&nbsp;It took
  another few hours to read the book (<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>,
  1978. The Ovulation Method. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Collegeville</st1:City>,
   <st1:State w:st="on">Minnesota</st1:State></st1:place>: Liturgical
  Press).&nbsp;We subsequently used this method for nearly 15 years and the
  method, properly used, never resulted in an unplanned pregnancy.&nbsp; <i>Again
  and again I say, you are designed to reproduce.&nbsp; Be certain you are correctly
  instructed in this, or any other birth control technique, by an experienced
  instructor.&nbsp;</i></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Common-sense caution:
  The <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>
  Method, and the Mucus and Ovulation Methods, obviously provide no protection
  whatsoever from sexually transmitted diseases.&nbsp; This is one of the most
  important reasons why it is appropriate only for strictly monogamous,
  long-term relationships.</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Sex is more fun
  (and maybe even more frequent) if you are confident about the outcome.&nbsp;</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;By the way, you can
  use the method backwards to assist conception.&nbsp;If a woman knows when she
  is ovulating, obviously it will greatly increase her chances of becoming
  pregnant.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;And now to enrage
  the GYN&#8217;s, fertility specialists, and dietitians:</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;<b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>If you WANT to conceive</b>, try having
  the man take megadoses of vitamin C for a few weeks prior.&nbsp;At least
  6,000 milligrams a day, and as much as 20,000 mg/day virtually guarantees
  very high sperm production. Divide the dose throughout the day for maximum
  effect.&nbsp;And that effect is what, exactly? More sperm, stronger sperm,
  and better swimming sperm all occurred, at even lower daily C doses, in a <st1:place
  w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName
   w:st="on">Texas</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> study. Take more C and you'll
  make vast quantities of super sperm.&nbsp;You think this won't work? Have I
  shown you my baby pictures?</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Here&#8217;s more:
  zinc and plenty of it helps the prostate and increases seminal fluid
  production. There is a scientific literature a mile long about zinc and male
  fertility.&nbsp;About five to ten times the RDA will do it.&nbsp; That is
  approximately 50 to 100 mg of zinc daily.&nbsp;For best absorption and best
  results, divide the dose into two, or better yet, four doses.&nbsp;Zinc
  gluconate is well absorbed, and zinc monomethionine better still.&nbsp;These
  are available at any health food store without a prescription.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;A lot of wussy
  nutritionists will tell you that such levels of zinc are harmful.&nbsp;Truth
  is, most men don't even get the puny RDA of zinc, set laughingly at 10 or 12
  milligrams.&nbsp;Zinc lozenges for the common cold are many times higher than
  this.&nbsp;Up to 550 mg of zinc has been safely given daily for a few weeks.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;Continued high
  doses of zinc can produce a copper deficiency, and sometimes a copper
  deficiency anemia.&nbsp;This is very easy to compensate for.&nbsp;To begin
  with, most Americans have copper water pipes in their homes.&nbsp;Drink a
  glass or two of cold water first out of the tap every morning and you'll get
  copper.&nbsp;Secondly, eat more raisins and other copper-high foods.&nbsp;
  Third, take a multiple vitamin (as you should be doing anyway) with copper in
  it.&nbsp;Finally, do what people in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> have been doing for
  thousands of years. Buy a copper metal cup, fill it with cold water at
  bedtime, and drink it first thing the next morning.&nbsp;</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
  font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;I have worked with supposedly &quot;infertile&quot;
  people who have tried &quot;everything&quot; to conceive a child.&nbsp;</span></b><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Nutrition, especially the vitamin
  C part, is not even mentioned in any fertility textbook I've ever
  seen.&nbsp;I've received some nice postcards from couples who have taken an
  odd idea or two of mine and gotten pregnant within a month or two.&nbsp;It is
  a wonderful feeling, by the way, to have helped them bring a soul to the
  Earth.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br>
  &nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>References:</span></b><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
    font-family:Arial'>Billings</span></st1:place></st1:City><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, J. (1972).&nbsp; Ovulation
  method of family planning.&nbsp; The Lancet. 2:1193-l194</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
    font-family:Arial'>Billings</span></st1:place></st1:City><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, J. (1973). Discussion, pp. 164-170.&nbsp;
  In M. Zelnik, J. Kantner, &amp; K. Ford (Ed.) Sex and Pregnancy in
  Adolescence. <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Beverly Hills</st1:place></st1:City>:
  Sage</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
    font-family:Arial'>Billings</span></st1:place></st1:City><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, J. (1978). The Ovulation Method.
  <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Collegeville</st1:City>, <st1:State
   w:st="on">Minnesota</st1:State></st1:place>: Liturgical Press</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
    font-family:Arial'>Billings</span></st1:place></st1:City><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, J. (1981). Cervical mucus: the
  biological marker of fertility and infertility. International Journal of
  Fertility. 26:182-195.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
    font-family:Arial'>Billings</span></st1:place></st1:City><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>, J. &amp; Billings, E. (1974).
  Teaching the safe period based on the mucus symptom.&nbsp; Linacre Quarterly.
  41: 41-51.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Clift, A.F. (1945).
  Observations on certain rheological properties of human cervical secretion
  .&nbsp;&nbsp; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 39:1-9.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Doring, G.K.
  (1973).&nbsp; Detection of ovulation by the basal body temperature method. In
  M. Zelnik, J. Kantner, &amp; K. Ford (Ed.), Sex and Pregnancy in
  Adolescence.&nbsp; <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Beverly Hills</st1:City>,
   <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State></st1:place>: Sage</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Klaus, H. (1984). Valuing
  the precreative capacity: a new approach to teens. International Review of
  Natural Family Planning, 8: 206-213.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Klaus, H. et al.
  (1987)&nbsp; Fertility awareness-natural family planning for adolescents and
  their families: Report of multisite pilot project.&nbsp; International
  Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health.&nbsp; 3:101-119.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Klaus, H., Labbok, M.,
  &amp; Barker, D. (1988). Characteristics of ovulation method acceptors: a
  cross-cultural assessment.&nbsp; Studies in Family Planning. 19: 299-304.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>National Directory of <st1:City
  w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City> Ovulation
  Method Teachers (1988). <st1:City w:st="on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State
  w:st="on">D.C.</st1:State>: Natural Family Planning <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
   w:st="on">Center of Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">D.C.</st1:State></st1:place></span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&quot;Teen STAR
  program&quot; pamphlet. (1986)&nbsp; <st1:City w:st="on">Bethesda</st1:City>,
  <st1:State w:st="on">MD</st1:State>: Natural Family Planning <st1:place
  w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Center of Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State
   w:st="on">D.C.</st1:State></st1:place></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
  <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Weissman, M.C., Foliaki,
  L., <st1:City w:st="on">Billings</st1:City>, E., &amp; <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">Billings</st1:place></st1:City>, J. (1972). A trial of the
  ovulation method of family planning in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
   w:st="on">Tonga</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The Lancet. 2: 813-816.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&quot;What's the best
  method of birth control for me?&quot; (1986)&nbsp; <st1:City w:st="on">Rochester</st1:City>,
  <st1:State w:st="on">NY</st1:State>: Planned parenthood of <st1:City w:st="on">Rochester</st1:City>
  and the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Genesee</st1:PlaceName>
   <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Valley</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Zabin, L.S., &amp; <st1:place
  w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Clark</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">S.D.</st1:State></st1:place>
  (1981). Why they delay: a study of teenage family planning clinic patients.
  Family Planning Perspectives 13: 205-217.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>
  <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Zabin, L.S., Kantner,
  J.F., and Zelnik, M. (1979). The risk of adolescent pregnancy in the first
  months of intercourse.&nbsp; Family Planning Perspectives. 11: 215-222.</span><span
  style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Zelnik, M., Kantner,
  J.F., &amp; Ford, K. (1981).&nbsp; Sex and pregnancy in adolescence. <st1:place
  w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Beverly Hills</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State></st1:place>:
  Sage.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
  font-family:Arial'>(Excerpted in part from <b><i>A Programmed Introduction to
  the Ovulation Method of Birth Control. </i></b>Copyright 1989 Andrew W. Saul.
  This article is also in his book <i>DOCTOR YOURSELF,</i><span
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> copyright 2005.<i> <span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
  font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
  <p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Andrew Saul is the <span
  class=grame>author of the books <i>FIRE</i></span><i> YOUR DOCTOR!</i> How <i>to
  be Independently Healthy </i>(reader reviews at<i> </i><a
  href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/review.html">http://www.doctoryourself.com/review.html</a>
  ) and <i>DOCTOR YOURSELF: Natural Healing that Works.</i> (reviewed at <a
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