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<p><b>Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, October 23, 2008</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<h3>Flu Shots <span class=GramE>For</span> The Elderly Are Ineffective<o:p></o:p></h3>
<p>(OMNS, October 23, 2008) Have the elderly people in your family missed
their flu shot? If so, they may have made the right decision. The New York
Times recently reported that "A growing number of immunologists and
epidemiologists say the vaccine probably does not work very well for people
over 70," and that previous studies may have shown "not any actual
protection against the flu virus but a fundamental difference between the
kinds of people who get vaccines and those who do not . . . simply because
they went to the doctor more often." (1) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Influenza vaccination has been widely touted even though evidence of
effectiveness is lacking. One large scientific review looked at 40 years'
worth of influenza vaccine studies. It found that flu shots were ineffective
for elderly persons living in the community, and flu shots were "non-significant
against influenza" for elderly living in group homes. (2) The authors of
another major review "found no correlation between vaccine coverage and
influenza-like-illness attack rate." (3) Author Dr. Thomas Jefferson
said, "The vaccine doesn't work very well at all. Vaccines are being
used as an ideological weapon. What you see every year as the flu is caused
by 200 or 300 different agents with a vaccine against two of them. That is
simply nonsense." (4) Indeed, he commented, "What you see is that
marketing rules the response to influenza, and scientific evidence comes
fourth or fifth." (5) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Some still claim that flu vaccinations, even though they do not prevent
the flu, may help prevent more serious complications such as pneumonia, so
dreaded and so often deadly for the elderly. But the authors of the study
discussed in the NY Times article specifically noted that "influenza
vaccination was not associated with a reduced risk of community-acquired
pneumonia." (6) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>As with all immunizations, flu shots can have harmful side effects.
Vaccines may contain, among other things, ingredients such as mercury and
aluminum, which are widely regarded as toxic. The elderly are more likely to
be injured by, or even die from, flu vaccine side effects. Such incidents may
remain unreported by hospitals or physicians. One <span class=GramE>man,</span>
aged 76, had a flu shot and immediately had to be hospitalized for a week.
When family members suggested to the hospital staff and physicians that it
was probably a reaction to the shot, their views were disregarded. Two years
later the man had another flu shot, and was promptly hospitalized a second
time. Family members once again said it was a reaction to the flu shot. The
hospital said it was a low-grade infection, probably a bladder infection. The
man died. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>There are indications that vaccination side effects are underreported. The
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>
Food and Drug Administration's Vaccine Adverse Effect Reporting System
receives around 11,000 serious adverse reaction reports each year, mostly
from doctors. (7) FDA states that "VAERS tracks serious vaccine
reactions, not common fevers and soreness from shots. Serious reactions
include death, life-threatening illness, hospitalization, and disability
resulting from a vaccine." (8) However, FDA admits that they probably
receive reports for only about 10 percent of all adverse vaccine reactions.
(9) The <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Vaccine</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Information</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> estimates the
reporting percentage to be far lower, perhaps under 3 percent. (10) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>The exact contents of each year's flu shot is an educated guess. Sometimes
this guess is wrong, as it was for 2008, where the vaccine "doesn't
match two of the three main types of flu bugs now in circulation. . . . The
predominant type A flu virus this year is the H3N2 strain; 87% are the "<st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brisbane</st1:place></st1:City>" strain.
And 93% of this year's type B flu bugs are from the "<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Yamagata</st1:place></st1:City>" lineage. The current flu
vaccine's H3N2 component is the "Wisconsin" strain; the type B
component is from the "<st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Victoria</st1:place></st1:State>"
lineage." (11) Even when the guess is correct, flu viruses frequently
mutate and become resistant all over again. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>The flu vaccine, notes the NY Times, has not been double-blind,
placebo-control tested. Faith in vaccination appears to be greater than the
scientific evidence to justify vaccination. Senior citizens already take far
more medications than any other segment of the population. The elderly have
weaker immune systems. The risk of immunization adverse effects rises
accordingly. Increased side effect danger, along with low effectiveness, is a
bad combination. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Is their an available alternative? Yes, there may be: give the elderly
more nutrients, rather than more needles. Older people often have inadequate
diets. With ageing and illness, their bodies' need for vital nutrients goes
up, yet frequently their intake actually goes down. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Nutritional supplements help fight the flu. Vitamins and minerals have
been shown to significantly reduce incidence and duration of influenza. This
was already known back when many of today's elderly were still middle-aged.
32 years ago, twice Nobel-Prize winner Linus Pauling reviewed the nutritional
literature and determined that high doses of vitamin C reduce the frequency
and shorten the severity of influenza. (12) Orthomolecular (nutritional)
physicians have repeatedly confirmed this. Robert F. Cathcart, MD,
successfully treated thousands of viral-illness patients with massive doses
of vitamin C. (13) Vitamin D also increases resistance to influenza (14), as
do the minerals selenium and zinc. (15) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>With good nutrition bolstered with supplemental vitamin and mineral
intake, the human body's natural defenses are strengthened and can rapidly
adapt to resist new flu strains. Clinical evidence indicates that nutrition
is more significant that vaccination. Malnutrition is far more dangerous than
not getting vaccinated. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>No, there is not a vaccination for every illness. It might be nice if
there were, but no shot can make up for poor nutrition. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Over-reliance on vaccinating the elderly ignores their fundamental
problems of poor diet and vitamin/mineral deficiencies. These are underlying
reasons for a susceptible immune system. Supplemental nutrition is the
"other" immune system booster. It is time to use it. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>References:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>(1) Goodman B. Doubts grow over flu vaccine in elderly. <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/health/02flu.html"
target=new>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/health/02flu.html</a> September
2, 2008. <br>
<br>
(2) <span class=SpellE>Rivetti</span> D, Jefferson T, Thomas R et al.
Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database <span
class=SpellE>Syst</span> Rev. 2006 Jul 19<span class=GramE>;3:CD004876</span>.
<br>
<br>
(3) Jefferson T, <span class=SpellE>Rivetti</span> D, <span class=SpellE>Rivetti</span>
A et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people:
a systematic review. Lancet. 2005 Oct 1<span class=GramE>;366</span>(9492):1165-74.
<br>
<br>
(4) Gardner A. Flu vaccine only mildly effective in elderly. <span
class=SpellE>HealthDay</span> Reporter, Sept 21, 2005. <br>
<br>
(5) Rosenthal E. Flu vaccination and treatment fall far short. International
Herald Tribune, September 22, 2005. <br>
<br>
(6) <st1:City w:st="on">Jackson</st1:City> ML, Nelson JC, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Weiss</st1:City> <st1:State w:st="on">NS</st1:State></st1:place>, <span
class=SpellE>Neuzil</span> KM, Barlow W, <st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address
w:st="on">Jackson LA.</st1:address></st1:Street> Influenza vaccination and
risk of community-acquired pneumonia in <span class=SpellE>immunocompetent</span>
elderly people: a population-based, nested case-control study. Lancet. 2008
Aug 2<span class=GramE>;372</span>(9636):398-405. <br>
<br>
(7) National Technical Information Service, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Springfield</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">VA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">22161</st1:PostalCode></st1:place>, 703-487-4650, 703-487-4600. <br>
<br>
(8) <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.fda.gov/fdac/reprints/vaccine.html"
target=new>http://www.fda.gov/fdac/reprints/vaccine.html</a> <br>
<br>
(9) KM <span class=SpellE>Severyn</span> in the Dayton Daily News, May 28,
1993 cited at <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.chiropracticresearch.org/NEWSVaccinations.htm"
target=new>http://www.chiropracticresearch.org/NEWSVaccinations.htm</a> <br>
<br>
(10) "Investigative Report on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting
System." <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Vaccine</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Information</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> (NVIC), <st1:address
w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">512 Maple Ave. W. #206</st1:Street>, <st1:City
w:st="on">Vienna</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">VA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">22180</st1:PostalCode></st1:address>. <br>
<br>
(11) <span class=SpellE>DeNoon</span> DJ. Most influenza strains do not match
current vaccine. <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/570050"
target=new>http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/570050</a> February 11, 2008.
Also: Joe <span class=SpellE>Bresee</span>, MD, chief, epidemiology and
prevention branch, CDC Influenza Division, <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Atlanta</st1:place></st1:City>. CDC news conference, Feb. 8, 2008.
<br>
<br>
(12) Pauling L. Vitamin C, the Common Cold, and the Flu. Freeman, 1976. <br>
<br>
(13) Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, <span
class=SpellE>anascorbemia</span>, and acute induced scurvy. Med Hypotheses.
1981 Nov<span class=GramE>;7</span>(11):1359-76. <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html"
target=new>http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html</a> <br>
<br>
(14) <span class=SpellE>Cannell</span> JJ, <span class=SpellE>Vieth</span> R,
<span class=SpellE>Umhau</span> JC, Holick MF, Grant WB, <span class=SpellE>Madronich</span>
S, Garland CF, <span class=SpellE>Giovannucci</span> E. Epidemic influenza
and vitamin D. <span class=SpellE>Epidemiol</span> Infect. 2006. Dec<span
class=GramE>;134</span>(6):1129-40. <br>
<br>
(15) <span class=SpellE>Girodon</span> F, <span class=SpellE>Galan</span> P, <span
class=SpellE>Monget</span> AL et al. Impact of trace elements and vitamin
supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly
patients: a randomized controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. <span class=GramE>geriatric</span>
network. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Apr 12<span class=GramE>;159</span>(7):748-54.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>For more information:</b> <br>
<br>
Video questioning influenza vaccine: <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.thinktwice.com/flu_show.htm"
target=new>http://www.thinktwice.com/flu_show.htm</a> <br>
A humorous look at flu vaccine: <a
href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/12all/lt/t_go.php?i=98&e=MjA2Njc=&l=http://www.thinktwice.com/Flu_Farce.mov"
target=new>http://www.thinktwice.com/Flu_Farce.mov</a> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>For further reading: </b><br>
<br>
Miller NZ. Vaccine Safety Manual for Concerned Families and Health
Practitioners: Guide to Immunization Risks and Protection. New <span
class=SpellE>Atlantean</span> Press, 2008. ISBN-10: 1881217353; ISBN-13: 978-1881217350.
Also: Miller NZ. Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective. New <span
class=SpellE>Atlantean</span> Press; Revised Updated Edition, 2008. ISBN-10:
1881217302; ISBN-13: 978-1881217305. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p><b>Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, March 19, 2008</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<h3>Vitamins Reduce the Duration and Severity of Influenza<o:p></o:p></h3>
<p>(OMNS, March 19, 2008) Vitamins fight the flu by boosting the body’s
own immune response and by accelerating healing. Individuals can be better
prepared for an influenza epidemic by learning how to use vitamin supplements
to fight off ordinary respiratory infections. The most important vitamins are
vitamins C, D, niacin, and thiamine. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>Vitamin D</b> <br>
Vitamin D has known anti-viral properties [1] and has been directly
associated with fighting influenza in a recent scientific review. [2]
Extensive evidence now shows that vitamin D serves as an important regulator
of immune system responses. [3] The most dramatic evidence is a recent
double-blind trial proving that vitamin D prevents cancers [4], supported by
two recent epidemiological studies. [5<span class=GramE>,6</span>] Vitamin D
has been part of a supplement combination proven effective against HIV in a
recent double-blind trial. [7] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>During a viral infection, the body can draw on vitamin D stored in the
body to supply the increased needs of the immune system. The withdrawn
supplies of vitamin D are quickly replenished with 4,000 to 10,000 IU/day
doses for a few days. Due to biochemical individuality, we recommend vitamin
D blood testing as a routine part of a yearly physical exam. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>Niacin</b> <br>
Niacin has known anti-viral properties. The most persuasive evidence comes
from recent work with HIV patients<span class=GramE>.[</span>8-12] Niacin is
required for cells to generate the energy they use to perform virtually all
biological functions. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Niacin’s effectiveness fighting viruses may have to do with
accelerating wound healing as well as improving immunity. Accelerating tissue
repair limits collateral damage and minimizes the risk of secondary
infection. Niacin has been proven to promote healing of damaged skin in
double-blind trials. [13] Other recent findings (niacin reduces injury to the
brain after strokes and reduces inflammation in general) also provide
evidence of healing. [14,15] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Niacin, 500 to 2,000 mg/day in divided doses, is generally well tolerated
during periods when the immune system is fighting viral infections. One takes
such doses for several days starting at the onset of a viral infection.
Dividing the dose reduces flushing. Using "no-flush" form niacin
(inositol hexaniacinate) eliminates the flushing side effect. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>Vitamin C</b> <br>
Strong evidence shows that high doses of vitamin C prevent common colds and
reduce a cold’s severity and duration. [16] Given the similarities
between cold and influenza viruses, the scientific case for treating
influenza with vitamin C has been investigated and shown to have merit. [17]
Fighting influenza with vitamin C has been tested in the clinical setting and
reported to be effective at very high doses. [18, 19] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Extraordinary quantities of vitamin C, between 20,000 and 100,000 mg/day,
are surprisingly well tolerated during periods when the immune system is
fighting viral infections. These large daily amounts are best taken divided
up into as many doses per day as possible, beginning immediately at the first
sign of a viral infection. To achieve maximum effect it is necessary to
maintain high concentrations of vitamin C in the body. Large, very frequent
oral intake of vitamin C can maintain much higher blood plasma concentrations
of vitamin C than is generally believed. [16, 19, 20] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>Thiamine (Vitamin B1)</b> <br>
Two items of recent scientific research have shown that the B-vitamin
thiamine has anti-viral properties. TTFD, one of the fat-soluble forms of
thiamine, was recently proven to be a potent inhibitor of HIV virus
replication [21]. Thiamine was shown to be an effective treatment for chronic
hepatitis B. [22] <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Influenza killed more people in the two years following World War I than
all soldiers killed on both sides in four years of machine-gun warfare.
Influenza has been and remains a serious threat to human health. There is a
great deal of public concern about the possibility of a repeat of the 1918
influenza pandemic. Vitamin C, niacin, vitamin D, and thiamine act together
to strengthen the immune system, and to optimize health. Intelligent,
high-dose vitamin supplement use can do much to eliminate the risk of death
and disability for individuals with average health, and dramatically reduce
the hospitalization and death rates amongst the most vulnerable members of
the population. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>References:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>[1] <a href="http://www.vitamindcouncil.org" target=new linkindex=1>http://www.vitamindcouncil.org</a>
<br>
<br>
[2] <span class=SpellE>Cannell</span> JJ et al. Epidemic influenza and
vitamin D. Epidemiology and Infection. 2006. Dec<span class=GramE>;134</span>(6):1129-40.
Free access to full text paper at <a
href="http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/courses/biochem901/secure/materials/readings/09_Cannell.pdf"
target=new set=yes linkindex=2>http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/courses/biochem901/secure/materials/readings/09_Cannell.pdf</a>
<br>
<br>
[3] <span class=SpellE>Tavera</span>-Mendoza LE, White JH. Cell defenses and
the sunshine vitamin. Scientific American, November 2007, 62-72. <br>
<br>
[4] <span class=SpellE>Lappe</span> JM et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation
reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J <span class=SpellE>Clin</span>
<span class=SpellE>Nutr</span>. 2007 Jun<span class=GramE>;85</span>(6):1586-91.
<br>
<br>
[5] <span class=SpellE>Abbas</span> S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and
risk of postmenopausal breast cancer - results of a large case-control study.
Carcinogenesis. 2008 Jan<span class=GramE>;29</span>(1):93-9. <br>
<br>
[6] Freedman DM et al. Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer
mortality in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United
States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. J <span class=SpellE>Natl</span>
Cancer Inst. 2007. Nov 7<span class=GramE>;99</span>(21):1594-602. <br>
<br>
[7] Kaiser JD et al. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4 count in
HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy: A
prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2006. 42(5), 523-528. "Micronutrient
supplementation can significantly improve CD4 cell count reconstitution in
HIV-infected patients. . . <span class=GramE>" </span><br>
<br>
[8] <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Murray</st1:place></st1:City>
MF. Niacin as a potential AIDS preventive factor. Medical Hypotheses, 1999.
53(5), 375-379. <br>
<br>
[9] <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Murray</st1:place></st1:City>
MF, <span class=SpellE>Langan</span> M, <span class=SpellE>MacGregor</span>
RR. Increased plasma tryptophan in HIV-infected patients treated with
pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide. Nutrition (NY), 2001. 17(7/8), 654-656. <br>
<br>
[10] <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Murray</st1:place></st1:City>
MF. Treatment of retrovirus induced derangements with niacin compounds. The
Foundation for Innovative Therapies, Inc., <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>, 2006. 9 p. <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region> 7012086. <br>
<br>
[11] <span class=SpellE>Pero</span> RW. A method for increasing tryptophan
and nicotinamide levels in vivo, and therapeutic and monitoring methods. <span
class=SpellE>Lynpete</span> Trading 6 Pty., Ltd. Trading as Genetic Health
Enterprises, S. <span class=SpellE>Afr</span>. PCT Int. <span class=SpellE>Appl</span>.
2008, 73pp. WO 2008008837 A2 20080117 <br>
<br>
[12] <span class=SpellE>Dube</span> MP et al. Safety and efficacy of
extended-release niacin for the treatment of <span class=SpellE>dyslipidaemia</span>
in patients with HIV infection: AIDS clinical trials group study A5148.
Antiviral Therapy, 2006. 11(8), 1081-1089. "(D<span class=GramE>)doses</span>
up to 2,000 mg daily was safe, well-tolerated and efficacious in HIV-infected
subjects. . . <span class=GramE>" </span><br>
<br>
[13] <a href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v04n01.shtml"
target=new linkindex=2>http://www.orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v04n01.shtml</a>
<br>
<br>
[14] Maynard KI. Natural <span class=SpellE>neuroprotectants</span> after
stroke. Science & Medicine, 2002. 8(5), 258-267. <br>
<br>
[15] Yu, Bi-<span class=SpellE>lian</span>; Zhao, <span class=SpellE>Shui</span>-ping.
Anti-inflammatory effect is an important property of niacin on
atherosclerosis beyond its lipid-altering effects. Medical Hypotheses, 2007.
69(1), 90-94. <br>
<br>
[16] Hickey S, Roberts H. Ascorbate: The science of vitamin C. 2004. Lulu
Press. ISBN 1-4116-0724-4. Reviewed at <a
href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/ascorbate.html" target=new linkindex=3>http://www.doctoryourself.com/ascorbate.html</a>
<br>
<br>
[17] www.orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v02n01.shtml <br>
<br>
[18] Ely JT. Ascorbic acid role in containment of the world avian flu
pandemic. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2007. 232(7), 847-851. <br>
<br>
[19] Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, titrating to bowel tolerance, <span
class=SpellE>anascorbemia</span>, and acute induced scurvy. Med Hypotheses.
1981 Nov<span class=GramE>;7</span>(11):1359-76. Free access to full text
paper at <a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html" target=new
linkindex=4>http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html</a> See also:
Cathcart RF. The third face of vitamin C. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine,
7:4<span class=GramE>;197</span>-200, 1993. Free access at <a
href="http://www.orthomoleculartherapy.net/library/jom/1992/pdf/1992-v07n04-p197.pdf"
target=new set=yes linkindex=5>http://www.orthomoleculartherapy.net/library/jom/1992/pdf/1992-v07n04-p197.pdf</a>
or <a href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/cathcart_thirdface.html"
target=new linkindex=5>http://www.doctoryourself.com/cathcart_thirdface.html</a>
<br>
<br>
Other Cathcart papers posted at <a href="http://www.orthomed.com" target=new
linkindex=6>www.orthomed.com</a> and <a
href="http://www.doctoryourself.com/biblio_cathcart.html" target=new set=yes
linkindex=7>http://www.doctoryourself.com/biblio_cathcart.html</a>. <br>
<br>
[20] <span class=SpellE>Duconge</span> J et al. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin
C: insights into the oral and intravenous administration of ascorbate. PR
Health Sciences Journal, 2008. 27:1, March. <br>
<br>
[21] Shoji, <span class=SpellE>Shozo</span> et al. Thiamine disulfide as a
potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (type-1) production.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1994. 205(1), 967-75.
"The results suggest that thiamine disulfide may be important for AIDS
chemotherapy." <br>
<br>
[22] Wallace AE, Weeks WB. Thiamine treatment of chronic hepatitis B
infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2001. 96(3), 864-868. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>The
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