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<td><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>The Unhealthy Story of
"Corn Syrup" (also known as "Corn Sweetener")</font></font></b></td>
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<td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="132"><font color="#FF0000">FDA History 09</font>
<br><a href="index.html">Home</a></td>
<td WIDTH="18"></td>
<td VALIGN=TOP><font face="Arial,Helvetica">HISTORY OF A CRIME AGAINST
THE FOOD LAW</font>
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">CHAPTER IX: THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS</font></b>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>by Harvey W. Wiley, M.D.</b>, the very
first commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), then known
as the “US Bureau of Chemistry.”</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Under free government
trade must be free, and to be of permanent value it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ought to be independent. Under
our standard we do not expect the government to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> support trade; we expect trade
to support the government. An emergency, or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> national defense may require some
different treatment, but under normal </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> conditions trade should rely upon
its own resources, and should therefore </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> belong to the province of private
enterprise."--President Calvin Coolidge, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> address to the Pan American Commercial
Congress; The Nation's Business, May </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 20, 1927. </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">STICKING TO THE BASE</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In the great national game,
theft is an important element of success. The man </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">who reaches first must stick to his base
as long as the first baseman is at the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sack. When the first baseman goes off
to quite a distance, the runner leaves his </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">place of safety and goes as far as he
dare toward second. He must keep a keen </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">eye, however, as either the catcher or
the pitcher may return the ball to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">first baseman, who has crept up unawares,
and the runner is "out." If the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">basestealer is put out he is booed; if
he succeeds he is wildly cheered.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In general it is the first
principle of safety to stick close to your base. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">An army that leaves its base too far may
run into danger. Its supply of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">provisions and munitions may be cut off.
The enemy may send an armed force to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">cut off retreat.in case of defeat. Upon
the whole, sticking to one's base is not </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">only considered a mark of good judgment,
but often of honesty of purpose in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fulfilling the duties imposed upon a player.
Stealing bases in scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">matters is quite another story.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">RISE OF BUREAUCRACY</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> While the bureau is an important
element in Government activities, it also </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">affords an opportunity for ambitious directors
(and all directors should be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ambitious) to leave the base on which
they are supposed to stay. I do not except </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">even the bureau over which I presided
for nearly thirty years from having at </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">various times had attacks of this grasping
disposition. The Honorable Frank A. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Lowden says, in World's Work, December,
1926:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The Government
official is inclined to exaggerate the importance of his </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> office. He is constantly endeavoring
to expand its scope. He is properly </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> jealous of his authority. * * *
I think that this tendency is inevitable. * * </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> * Where, however, the enterprise
is a vast one, as in Government, or as in a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> great business organization, these
tendencies, if left uncontrolled, are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> likely to inflict serious injury
upon the service. * * * The original purpose </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of the creation of the Bureau is
finally lost sight of and it is likely to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> seem to those who direct it an
end and not a means." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It would be well to add to
the warnings of President Coolidge and Governor </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Lowden in regard to mixing up business
with Government, the opinion also of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">another expert along the same line. Mr.
Merle Thorpe, editor of Nation's </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Business, published under the auspices
of the National Chamber of Commerce, made </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">this interesting statement before the
National Association of Real Estate Boards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">held (Sept. 18, 1927) in Seattle, Washington.
The title of his address was "From </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bottom Up or Top Down."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Because of our
failure to do things for ourselves, we are calling upon the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> government to do everything under
the sun. Statute books are groaning. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Regulations are myriad. Bureaus
and commissions spring up overnight. Taxes are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> mounting, and naturally, because
every one of the laws we put upon the statute </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> books requires administration and
more people on the tax payroll. To-day it is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> estimated that each ten families
in the United States feed and keep another </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> family on the tax payroll. Two
months' production of each man, woman, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> child, out of the twelve, now go
to keep up the tax payroll. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "'Let the Government
do it!' is our favorite panacea. Of course, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> politicians do not object. In fact,
there have been occasions where they have </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> been known to encourage legislation
and join in the national anthem, 'There </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ought to be a law--' </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The waste and
inefficiency and mounting costs, however, are not the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> greatest penalties we pay for doing
the nation's work from the top down. Most </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of the legislation is directed
at business and business is no longer the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> simple act of trade and barter
it once was. It has become most complex. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Business is so interrelated, so
interdependent, that a law regulating this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> industry reaches out and out and
affects scores of us thousands of miles away. </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "It is a wise
man indeed, who can see through and through to its conclusion </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> a simple piece of economic legislation.
We shall never know how much the orgy </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of lawmaking has slowed down the
legitimate task of furnishing food and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> shelter and clothing, to say nothing
of the luxuries of life, to those who </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> need and want them, but it is safe
to say it has done a great deal. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The breaking
point will come. Already there have been four parliamentary </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> governments overthrown and dictators
rule to-day. As Mussolini says, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Democracy, with its endless talk
and politics, has miserably failed.' We may </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> never come to that situation of
dictatorship in the United States, but we may </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> reach a stage where democracy and
its accredited representatives are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> discredited. That would be disastrous,
for democracy is based upon confidence. </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Disastrous, too,
for it would destroy the one thing which has made this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> country great, 'individual reward
for individual initiative.' Every time we </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ask government to do something
which we as individuals, or groups, or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> communities, can do better for
ourselves, we are striking at that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> individualism which has given us
our strength." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Bureaus are either created
by Act of Congress or by executive order. In the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">latter case Congress must approve the
executive act by appropriations for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">specific purpose. By specific legislations
Congress also assigns to certain </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">bureaus special duties which presumably
can not be abrogated by executive </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">orders. It follows that all expansive
work must lie in the scope of the bureau </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and in harmony with problems already allocated.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">SCIENTIFIC ETHICS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In Science, July 19, 1927,
page 103, is found a proposed code of ethics for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific men. No. 2 of this code reads
as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Exemplify in
your conduct and work a courageous regard for the whole </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> people, and not alone some powerful
and influential faction thereof with which </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> you come in close personal contact." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This is most excellent advice
in connection with the above observations.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">CHEMICAL ETHICS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The American Chemical Society
has no printed code of ethics. There is, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">however, an unwritten code which every
member of the society is under obligation </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to respect.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There are two cardinal principles
involved in the unwritten code of ethics of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the American Chemical Society. The first
is that no member of the society shall </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">seek by improper means to deprive any
other chemist of his employment. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">second is that a field of investigation
which is already occupied shall not be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">entered by an outsider without full cooperation
and agreement with the party </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">already occupying the field of investigation.
These two fundamental principles </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">guide and control the relations of the
members of the Society toward each other.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A much younger association
of chemists, namely, the American Institute of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chemical Engineers, has already adopted
a code of ethics. Inasmuch as some of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the activities of the Bureau of Standards
are essentially those of chemical </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">engineers, it is probable that most of
the chemists in the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">are members of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers. This code of ethics </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">is not very long but it is very pertinent.
The principal elements of this code </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">are the following:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 1st. That in
all their relations, they shall be guided by the highest </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> principles of honor. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 2nd. The upholding
before the public at all times of the dignity of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> chemical profession generally and
the reputation of the Institute, protecting </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> its members from misrepresentation. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 3d. Personal
helpfulness and fraternity between its members and toward the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> profession generally. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 4th. The avoidance
and discouragement of sensationalism, exaggeration and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> unwarranted statements. In making
the first publication concerning inventions </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or other chemical advances, they
should be made ithrough chemical societies </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and technical publications. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 5th. The refusal
to undertake for compensation work which they believe will </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> be unprofitable to clients without
first advising said clients as to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> improbability of successful results. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 6th. The upholding
of the principle that unreasonably low charges for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> professional work tend toward inferior
and unreliable work, especially if such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> charges are set at a low figure
for advertising purposes. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 7th. The refusal
to lend their names to any questionable enterprise. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 8th. Conservatism
in all estimates, reports, testimony, etc., especially in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> connection with the promotion of
business enterprises. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 9th. That they
shallnot engage in any occupation which is obviously </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> contrary to law or public welfare. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 10th. When a
chemical engineer undertakes for others work in connection </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> with which he may make improvements,
inventions, plans, designs, or other </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> records, he shall preferably enter
into a written agreement regarding their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ownership. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The 4th, 7th, 8th and 9th
sections of the above code of ethics are not </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">italicized in the original.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The object of establishing
the Bureau of Standards is luminously set forth in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the hearings before the comittee on weights
and measures and in the debates in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Congress on this measure.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I desire to call attention
to a bureau in which it appears that the desire to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">get control of all forms of activities
has developed into a megalomania, and to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">point out some of the crimes it has committed
or attempted to commit against the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">battered and bleeding food law.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Professor Edward Murray East,
eminent biologist of Harvard University, says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In our most cherished
beliefs, from the earliest ages to the present, there </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> is a great deal to justify the
opinion of the cynic that man is to be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> distinguished from the apes not
by his lack of a tail, but by his megalomania. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Since becoming the dominant animal
on the surface of this cosmic atom, he has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> never, until recently, had the
slightest doubt concerning his supreme </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> importance in the general scheme
of things. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I am not looking into the
activities of the Bureau of Standards in any way </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which would reflect upon any member of
the Bureau, either as to his capacity and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ability, or as to his honesty. I assume,
and I believe the disease of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">megalomania is to some extent epidemic;
it attacks people against their desire </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and will. We do not lose our esteem for
those who are ill of influenza or high </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">blood pressure. We might attach some personal
blame to those who suffer from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">typhoid fever. We should regard megalomania
as a sad misfortune.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is not in any way my purpose
to review all the expansive activities of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards. I will confine my
remarks to those activities which affect </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific ethics, public health, and
adulteration of foods.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of Standards was
intended to be a natural enlargement of the old </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">office of Weights and Measures. This office
for some mysterious reason was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">connected with the Department of the Treasury.
The enlargement of the office and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">its change of name to the Bureau of Standards
was first publicly suggested by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Secretary of the Treasury, the Hon.
Lyman J. Gage (50th Congress, first </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Session, House of Representatives, Document
No. 625.) The general purpose of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">new Bureau is outlined by the Secretary
of the Treasury in the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">language:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The functions
of the bureau shall consist in the custody of the standards; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the comparison of the standards
used in scientific investigations, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> engineering, manufacturing commerce,
and educational institutions with the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> standards adopted or recognized
by subdivisions; the testing and calibration </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of standard measuring apparatus;
the solution of problems which arise in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> connection with standards; the
determination of physical constants, and the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> properties of materials when such
data are of great importance to scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or manufacturing interests and
are not to be obtained of sufficient accuracy </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> elsewhere. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Under the head of conditions
which necessitated the establishment of a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">National Standards Bureau the Secretary
makes, among others, the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">remarks:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Throughout our
country institutions of learning, laboratories, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> observatories, and scientific societies
are being established and are growing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> at a rate never equaled in the
history of any nation. The work of original </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> investigation and instruction done
by these institutions requires accurate </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> reliable standards, which in nearly
every case must be procured from abroad, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or can not be procured at all.
* * * </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The recent acquisition
of territory by the United States more than </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> proportionately increases the scope
and importance of the proposed </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> institution, since the establishment
of a government in these possessions </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> involves the system of weights
and measures to be employed. During the near </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> future large public improvements
will be undertaken in these countries; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> schools, factories, and other institutions
will be established, all of which </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> require the use of standards and
standard measuring apparatus. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The National Academy of Sciences
endorsed the movement in the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">resolution:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Whereas the facilities
at the disposal of the Government and of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scientific men of the country for
the standardization of apparatus used in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scientific research and in the
arts are now either absent or entirely </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> inadequate, so that it becomes
necessary in most instances to send such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparatus abroad for comparison:
Therefore, be it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Resolved, That
the National Academy of Sciences approves the movement now </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> on foot for the establishment of
a national bureau for the standardization of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scientific apparatus. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The American
Chemical Society approved the measure: </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Resolved, That
the Congress of the United States be urged to establish a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> national standard bureau in connection
with the United States Office of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Standard Weights and Measures,
which shall provide adequate facilities for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> making such verification of chemical
measuring apparatus and for stamping the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> same as are provided by foreign
governments for similar work." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Prof. Simon Newcomb, U. S.
N., said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I do not think
that anything I could do or say is necessary to emphasize </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the practical and scientific importance
of introducing the highest standard of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> efficiency and precision in the
work of such a bureau. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Prof. Albert A. Michelson
(head of department of physics, University of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chicago) made the following statements:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It gives me great
pleasure to indorse the measures proposed regarding the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> importance of the establishment
of a central bureau of weights and measures, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the functions of which shall be: </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (1) The calibration
of all standards and measuring instruments used in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scientific or commercial work. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (2) The investigation
of problems which arise in connection with standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or standard measuring apparatus. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (3) The determination
of physical constants and the properties of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> materials. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A large number of eminent
scientists joined in the same general way in urging </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the enactment of the measure. Wherever
reference was made to foreign </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">institutions they were institutions for
standardizing weights and measures of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">various kinds in all the different countries.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> When the measure went before
the Senate (50th Congress, Second Session, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Document No. 70), the Secretary of the
Treasury appeared also before the Senate </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Committee. Among other reasons which he
advanced are the following:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In this particular
of standardizing weights and measures and testing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparatus of every kind the older
countries are far ahead of us; in fact, it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> may be said that there is no comparison
between us. We are dependent utterly </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> upon Germany, perhaps France to
some extent, and England for our measurements </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and those standards which we are
obliged to resort to in testing and comparing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> when we enter into competitive
work against them. * * * </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Now the establishment
of a bureau like this, where the Government is the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> custodian and the originator of
these standards of weights and measures as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> applied to all the higher scientific
aspects of life which we are so rapidly </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> developing in, has, to my mind,
a value far and above the mere physical </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> considerations which affect it,
although those physical considerations are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> fundamental and most important.
Nothing can dignify this Government more than </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> to be the patron of and the establisher
of absolutely correct scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> standards and such legislation
as will hold our people to faithfully regard </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and absolutely obey the requirements
of law in adhesion to those true and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> correct standards. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Before the Senate, as was
recorded in the document above mentioned, many </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific men appeared and all in the
same strain stressing the importance of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">standards of accuracy for all kinds of
weights, measures and instruments of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">precision. Among those was Mr. 0. H. Tittmann,
Superintendent of the United </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and
Professor H. A. Rowland of Johns Hopkins </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">University.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists adopted the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">resolution:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Resolved, That
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists most </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> heartily indorses the movement
in progress for the establishment in this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> country of a national standardizing
bureau, and hereby declares that the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> absence of facilities such as would
be provided by the proposed bureau has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> seriously hampered the work of
this Association, owing to the difficulty of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> obtaining in this country, with
official certificates of accuracy, the flasks, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> burettes, pipettes, weights, thermometers,
polariscopes, and other apparatus </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> needed in the work of official
chemists. The use of apparatus which bears the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> official stamp of the Government
would eliminate one element of dispute in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commercial analyses, thus preventing
the expense of litigation, and would, in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> general, increase the value of
the work of this Association by facilitating </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the attainment of uniform results. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Not only were scientific
men all over the country interested in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">establishment of standards invited to
give testimony, but the heads of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">departments in which scientific work was
carried on were also asked their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">opinions respecting the proposed legislation.
The Secretary of Agriculture asked </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the head of the bureau most interested
to prepare his paper. Mr. Southard, in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">introducing the discussion in the House
said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Mr. Speaker,
the functions of the present office of weights and measures </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> are confined to the ordinary measurements
of mass, length, and capacity. That </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> was sufficient, perhaps, when that
office was established. In the early days </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the standards in question were
the pound, the yard, the bushel, and the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> gallon. Now, however, the progress
of science and the complexity of industrial </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> processes resulting from it require
derived standards of a thousand and one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> kinds--all kinds of measuring apparatus--volumetric
apparatus used in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> chemical laboratories of the Government
and similar laboratories all over the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> country--standards of measurement
for high and low degree of temperature, etc. </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I must stop here
to indicate some of the different kinds of measuring </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparatus. They are barometers,
thermometers, pressure gauges, polariscopes, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> instruments of navigation, steam-engine
indicators, and instruments of a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> thousand different varieties. That
the graduations and indications of these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> instruments should agree with the
fundamental standards is a question of most </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> vital importance, and without the
facilities for such tests and comparisons </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the public is deprived of the greatest
benefits to be derived from the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> standards recognized by the Government.
We have in this country to-day no </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> means of testing these different
instruments of precision. The result is, we </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> have to send them to Germany or
France or England or somewhere else to have </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> them tested and calibrated. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The bill has been enthusiastically
indorsed by all the heads of Department of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the General Government having scientific
bureaus, as well as by all the chiefs </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of such bureaus. As furnishing an illustration
of the necessity and value of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">this proposed bureau to the General Government,
I will quote from the statement </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of the Secretary of Agriculture:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I have the honor
to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of April 24, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and beg to assure you that the
establishment of a national standardizing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> bureau, having the function outlined
by you, will be of the highest value and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> importance, not only to the scientific
bureaus, offices, and divisions of this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Department, but to the country
at large. Its influence will be felt wherever </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the quality and value of substances
are fixed by chemical and physical tests, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> whether this be in connection with
scientific investigations, in connection </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> with manufacturing and other industrial
processes, or in connection with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commercial transactions. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Speaking for
this Department alone, I wish to say that it has been our </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> policy to patronize the American
manufacturers of scientific apparatus </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> whenever practicable without hampering
our investigators by compelling them to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> use apparatus of an inferior grade.
The art of the construction of scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparatus has been brought to such
a high degree of perfection under the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> fostering care of European govemments--notably
Germany--that we have been </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> compelled to send abroad a large
proportion of our orders, either directly or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> indirectly, through importers.
The greatest disadvantage resulting from this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> state of affairs is not the delay,
inconvenience, and expense connected with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> making purchases abroad; nor is
it to be found in the danger of injury to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> delicate and expensive apparxtus
during transportation across the sea. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "It is the necessity
of importing the certificate of a foreign government </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> whenever an official certiflcate
of accuracy is desired with apparatus. In </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Germany an order can be issued
for apparatus with the specification that the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> goods delivered must be of the
quality and accuracy recognized by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> regulations established by the
standardizing bureaus of the Imperial </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Government. Apparatus made in accordance
with these regulations are regular </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commodities, and are described
in the catalogues of all the apparatus makers </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and dealers. When the goods are
received the purchaser is able to send a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> proper proportion of the shipment
to the government standardizing bureaus and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> base his acceptance or refusal
of the goods upon the results of the official </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> tests. For the accommodation of
customers who need certified apparatus for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> immediate use most of the dealers
keep in stock apparatus bearing the official </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> stamp. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The disadvantage
under which American scientific workers--notably </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> chemists--labor is evidenced by
a recent experience of the Division of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Chemistry of this Department. The
confusion of standards and carelessness </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> which has characterized the manufacture
of graduated chemical glassware in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> past is notorious. Some months
ago the Division of Chemistry issued to an </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> American dealer and importer an
order for graduated glassware, to be made in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> accordance with the regulations
of the German Imperial Testing Commission. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "While all this
apparatus was to fulfill the requirements in point of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> construction and limits of error
in graduation of the regulations named, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> certain pieces were to bear the
official stamp of the Imperial commission. At </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the special request of the American
dealer to whom the order was sent </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> permission was granted to import
only the pieces of apparatus requiring the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> official stamp and to supply for
the remainder of the order apparatus of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> American manufacture, but made
in accordance with the regulations named. After </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> considerable delay the goods were
delivered. The certified pieces were </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> eminently satisfactory; the uncertified
ones were quite the opposite. They </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> were unsatisfactory both in the
form of construction and in regard to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> accuracy. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "As an example
of the degree of inaccuracy, it may be stated that a flask </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> marked to contain 100 cubic centimeters
was found to contain 100.3 cubic </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> centimeters. I do not believe that
this experience was due to unworthy motives </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> on the part of either the manufacturer
or dealer. This experience is simply </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the result of the absence in this
country of any well-established and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> authoritative standards governing
the forms of construction, the system of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> graduation, and the allowable limits
of error for apparatus of this kind. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> mere adoption of regulations relative
to the character of apparatus admissible </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> for stamping by a national standardizing
bureau will cause a revolution in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparatus manufactured and give
to it that highly important quality, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> uniformity. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "As a further
illustration of the great desirability of such an </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> establishment, I may call your
attention to the contention which has arisen in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the courts in the United States
in the last few years concerning the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> regulations prescribed by the Treasury
Department governing the polarization </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of imported sugars. These regulations
were prepared by a joint commission </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> consisting of the Chemist of the
Department of Agriculture as chairman, a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> representative of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey, Office of Weights and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Measures, and the Chemist of the
Bureau of Internal Revenue. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The regulations
were based upon the most careful scientific determinations </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and the apparatus and utensils
employed by the customs-house officers </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> standardized by the Office of Weights
and Measures of the Coast and Geodetic </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Survey. Nevertheless, the accuracy
of these officials has been called into </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> question by the importers, and
the question is now the subject of expensive </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and tedious litigation. The existence
of such an office of your Department as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> you propose to establish would
have avoided all sueh trouble by the weight of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> its authority. This is only one
of the many instances where the utility of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> such a bureau would prove of practical
advantage to official operations." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is not because of any
desire to claim credit for supporting the campaign </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to establish the Bureau of Standards,
but for other reasons which are important </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that the Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry
at the time mentioned desires to state </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that he was the author of the letter signed
by the Secretary of Agriculture.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is a matter of some interest
to know that the importers of sugar paid </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">import duties under protest according
to the regulations above cited. The case </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">finally reached the Supreme Court. The
Chief of the Bureau was asked by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Solicitor of the Treasury to write the
scientific part of the brief before the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Court. It was unanimously decided in favor
of the Government. Nearly a million </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">dollars were saved by this decision. It
would be illuminating to cite many other </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">cases but the records of the discussion
of this bill are all on file and those </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">who are interested in the matter can find
them in the references given. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Congressional Record of Feb. 1, 1901,
pages 1793 to 1795, and March 2, pages </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">3473 to 3478 in the House; and 3487 and
3515 in the Senate may be consulted.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The wonderful unanimity of
scientific men in support of this measure is best </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">illustrated by the words of Mr. Southard's
address on page 1794 of the Record </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">above referred to:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Shortly after
the reference of the measure to the Committee on Coinage, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Weights and Measures that committee
received a deluge of indorsements, most </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commendatory in character. They
came from almost every Department of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Government and from the different
bureaus in the various Departments. They </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> came from the governors of States
and from the departmental officers in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> States. They came from scientific
bodies, from scientific men, and from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> associations of scientific men.
They came from men engaged in educational </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> pursuits everywhere. They came
in the form of resolutions adopted by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> faculties of universities and colleges
throughout the country. They came from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the great railroad corporations,
many of which maintain, as gentlemen know, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> chemical laboratories in connection
with the operation of their roads. They </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> came from the great iron and steel
industries of the country and from the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> manufacturers of electrical machinery
and appliances, and they came from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> agricultural associations and from
other sources. In other words, they came </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> from almost everywhere. and I may
say that these were no mere perfunctory </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> indorsements, but were characterized
by a remarkable zeal and earnestness, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> indicating clearly and strongly
the desire, in this connection, of the people </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> making them. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The attitude of all these
supporters of this measure, who practically </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">represent all the scientific men of this
country interested in physics and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">chemistry, shows that they all understood
the bill exactly the same way; it was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to be a real bureau of standards, of all
weights and measures. There was no hint </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of extending the functions of this bureau
to standards of purity of foods, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">drugs, soaps, or anything else; nor was
there the least hint of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards engaging in manufacturing, or
promoting manufacturing in any way </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">except by furnishing accurate standards
of measurements for all the processes </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that go on under the guidance of accurate
measurements in official industrial </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and commercial activities. To invade the
domain of agriculture and to furnish </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">plans for building dextrose manufactories
were never even suggested.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Rarely has any topic been
presented to Congress in which members of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">committees considering the measures, and
witnesses brought before them, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">speakers on the floor of each house, have
shown greater unanimity than was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">exhibited in connection with the establishment
of the Bureau of Standards. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">character of the work was fully understood
by all participants in these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">discussions. The standards which were
to be established were those in every case </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of precision and accuracy for the use
and enlightenment of all parties needing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">standards of measurement of all kinds.
Only one witness, Professor Rowland, saw </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in the wording of the proposed act any
possibility of departing in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">activities of the bureau from the basic
purpose for which it was organized. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Professor Rowland, with that keen sense
of accuracy and definiteness for which </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">he was so renowned, pictured some future
Director, who, by misinterpreting the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">spirit, and also the words of the act,
might proceed to explore fields of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigation entirely foreign to its
purpose. In his testimony before the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Committee of Coinage, Weights and Measures,
Professor Rowland made the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">suggestion:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There is one
point that is left out in this bill, and I do not see how it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> can be covered, and that is with
regard to the kind of standards that are to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> be adopted. Shall the director
of this standardizing bureau have the right to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> introduce any standards he pleases,
or shall they be more carefully defined? </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Many of the activities of
the Bureau of Standards illustrate the prophetic </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">wisdom of Professor Rowland's foresight.
As an illustration of how far the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards has departed from
its base, a few quotations from the budget </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">submitted for the fiscal year 1928 will
show.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">THE BUDGET FOR 1928</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 369) For
structural materials, such as stone, clays, cement, etc., </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and for collecting and disseminating
approved methods in building, planning </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and construction, economy in the
manufacture and utilization of building </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> materials and supplies, and such
other matters as may tend to encourage, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> improve and cheapen construction
and housing. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For the authority to do this
the original Act of March 3, 1901, is quoted.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 371) For
investigation of fire-resisting properties of building </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> materials and conditions under
which they may be most efficiently used, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> for the standardization of types
of appliances for fire prevention. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The original act is also
quoted as authority for this investigation:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 375) "To
study the methods of measurement and technical processes </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> used in the manufacture of pottery,
brick, tile, terra cotta, and other clay </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> products, and the study of the
properties of the materials used in that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> industry." The original Act is
again cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 376) "To
develop methods of testing and standardizing machines, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> motors, tools, measuring instruments,.
and other apparatus and devices used in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> mechanical, hydraulic, and aeronautic
engineering. " The original Act is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 377) "To
investigate textiles, paper, leather and rubber, in order to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> develop standards of quality and
methods of measurement." Original Act cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 380) "For
investigating the conditions and methods of use of scales </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and mine cars used for weighing
and measuring coal dug by miners for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> purpose of determining wages due
and of conditions affecting the accuracy of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the weighing or measuring coal
at the mines." Original Act quoted. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Again on the
same page: "For metallurgical research, including alloy </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> steels, foundry practice and standards
for metals and sand; casting, rolling, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> forging, and the properties of
aluminum alloys; prevention of erosion of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> metals and alloys; development
of metal substitutes; as for platinum; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> behaviour of bearing metals; preparation
of metal specifications; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> investigation of new metallurgical
processes and studies of methods of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> conservation in metallurgical manufacture
and products; investigation of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> materials used in the construction
of rails; wheels, axles, and other railway </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> equipment; and the cause of their
failure." Again the original Act is cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 381) "For
laboratory and field investigations of suitable methods of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> high temperature measurements and
control in various industrial processes, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> to assist in making available directly
to the industries the results of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Bureau's investigations in this
field." Same Act is cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 382) "For
the investigations of the principles of sound and their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> application to military and industrial
purposes." Same Act cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Again on the
same page) "For technical investigations in cooperation with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the industries upon fundamental
problems involved in industrial development </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> following the war with a view to
assisting in the permanent establishment of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the new American industries." Same
Act cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 384) "To
enable the Bureau of Standards to cooperate with Government </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> departments, engineers and manufacturers
in the establishment of standards, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> methods of testing and inspection
of instruments, equipment, tools, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> electrical and mechanical devices
used by the industries and by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Government, including the practical
specifications of quality and performance </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of such devices and the formulation
of methods of inspection, laboratory and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> service tests." Same Act cited. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (Page 388) "
During the fiscal year, 1928, the head of any Departmed or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> independent establishment of the
Government having funds available for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scientific investigation and requiring
cooperative work by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Standards on scientific investigations
within the scope of the functions of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that Bureau, and which the Bureau
of Standards is unable to perform within the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> limits of its appropriations, may,
with the approval of the Secretary of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Commerce, transfer to the Bureau
of Standards such sums as may be necessary to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> carry on such investigations." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> These transferred funds in
1926 amounted to $173,250. They were used to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigate oil pollution, radio direction
for the coast guard, helium </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">recorders, chromium plating, corrosion,
fatigue and embrittlement of duralumin, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">electrically charged dust, optical glass,
substitutes for parachute silk, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">goldbeaters skin, storage batteries, internal
combustion engines, fuels, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">lubricants, photographic emulsions, stresses
in riveted joints, machine guns,</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">bomb ballistics, rope and cordage, chemical
and metallurgical tests, wind tunnel </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">tests of models, aircraft engines, velocity
of flame in explosives, etc.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> According to Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, one of the largest </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">publications of the American Chemical
Society, the Bureau of Standards has just </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">completed an investigation of the suitability
of caroa fiber for paper making, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">also the development of suitable lubricants
for glass stopcocks.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Since the publication of
budget estimates, a supplemental grant of funds to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Bureau of Standards has been submitted
by the budget authorities, to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">amount of $50,000, to enable the Bureau
of Standards to investigate farm wastes. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">These illustrations show how in nearly
all cases the Bureau has introduced the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">word "standardization" or "measurement"
in some way to connect these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">miscellaneous investigations into everything
under the skies with the original </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Act. This Act is cited as authority for
these universal studies which can in no </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">way be connected with the basic idea of
the standards implied in the hearings.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">DISCOVERY OF A NEW PRODUCT</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In the annual report of the
Bureau of Standards for the fiscal year ended </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">June 30, 1920, page 129, is found the
first report on a commercial process for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">manufacturing pure dextrose. In this report
it was announced that for the first </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">time dextrose had been separated from
a water solution. It is stated:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Previous methods
for the preparation of the pure substance have demanded </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the use of alcoholic solvents." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is stated further down
on the same page:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "In carrying
this investigation to a successful conclusion the Bureau has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> -virtually created a new industry
of great magnitude. * * * The magnitude of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the commercial possibilities of
the new sugar is shown by the fact that one of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the largest corporations in the
country requested the Bureau to design a large </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> scale experimental plant costing
approximately one-half million dollars. This </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> has been done and the plant is
now practically completed." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A careful re-reading of the
original bill which was enacted into a law, fails </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to find any warrant for, the architectural
excursions which the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards confesses to have made. Let
us examine for a moment some authorities </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">relating to this discovery. In Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry, issue of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">July 10, 1924, News Edition, on page 2,
Ifind the following copied from an </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">address made by T. B. Wagner, for many
years chief chemist for the Corn Products </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Company, the corporation for which the
Bureau of Standards designed a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">half-million dollar factory. It was on
the occasion of the presentation to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chemists Club of New York City of a portrait
of Dr. Arno Behr, for many years </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">chief chemist of the Corn Products Company,
and one of the most eminent </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">carbohydrate chemists this country has
produced. Dr. Wagner said, in speaking of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the earlier investigations of Dr. Behr,
some Menty or twenty-five years prior to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the new discovery of the Bureau of Standards:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "It was while
engaged in the refining of cane sugar that Dr. Behr turned to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> a study of the chemistry of corn
and while following these pursuits he </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> discovered a simple method of producing
without the aid of alcohol, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallized, anhydrous dextrose
of great purity and beauty. * * * That was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> over forty years ago, and it is
curious therefore to note the Director of one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of,the important Government Bureaus
in Washington coming forth at so recent a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> date as July 1, 1920 with the announcement
* * * that * * * the Bureau has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> shown that a pure, white dextrose
may be obtained by crystallization from a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> water solution and may be easily
separated from the mother liquor by using a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> centrifugal machine. Previous methods
for the preparation of the pure </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> substance have demanded the use
of alcoholic solvents. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Dr. Wagner adds:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "These are almost
exactly the words employed by Dr. Behr in his patent </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> specifications of 1883. Being on
the subject I will be pardoned, perhaps, for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commenting upon another discovery
pertaining to the discovery of pure dextrose </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and described in the same report
in the following language: </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Two processes
were investigated. In the one which met with almost </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> immediate success the converted
starch liquor was boiled in a vacuum until </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> concentrated to 42° Baumé,
and was then dropped into a crystallizer. It was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> then inoculated with pure crystals
of dextrose and agitated until the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallization was complete.'" </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Dr. Wagner then continues
as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "That is the
substance of U. S. Patent 835, 145, issued on Nov. 6, 1906, of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> which I happen to be the author.
" </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of Standards sent
a representative to a large glucose </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">manufacturing company to apply the process
on a large commercial scale of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">operation. It is interesting to inquire
whether the Bureau's process, which was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">discovered about one hundred and thirteen
years before the Bureau discovered it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and had been practiced in commercial production
frequently, succeeded in making </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the new discovery practical in the special
factory costing a half million </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">dollars, which was built upon architectural
plans supplied by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards. As we are dealing here with
United States patents there is no harm in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">calling names. Mr. Newkirk, who was the
man sent to introduce this new process, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which was to establish a new industry
on a magnificent scale, succeeded in doing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">so with the knowledge he obtained in working
out these plans in the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards. It was not long before he resigned
from the Bureau of Standards to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">accept the position of chief dextrose-maker
for the Corn Products Company. After </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">he left the Bureau of Standards Mr. Newkirk
began to take out patents on the new </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">process of manufacture. He filed an application
for a patent on Nov. 16, 1922, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and the patent was issued to him, No.
1,471,347, on October 23, 1923, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">assigned by him to the Corn Products Refining
Company, a corporation of New </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">York. The title of the patent is "Method
of Making Grape Sugar." He says in this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">application:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I have found
that by making a radical departure from the methods usually </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> employed in the manufacture of
grape sugar, a sugar of very close to absolute </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> purity can be produced by a process
which is relatively simple and is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> economically practical." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This shows, if it shows anything,
that the method devised by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards wouldn't work economically.
He clinched this conclusion by continuing:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> " Dextrose or
grape sugar of high purity has been made heretofore, but </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> never, so far as I am aware, on
a commercial scale by methods which can be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> regarded as feasible from its economic
point of view." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of Standards'
own expert in this language denies that the great </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">discovery which founded a new industry
was economically workable.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Mr. Newkirk continues his
assertions of the failure of all previous </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">processes, as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Failure of previous
experimentors to realize the importance of these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> considerations accounts for the
practical unworkability of many of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> processes described in the literature
for manufacturing high purity grape </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sugar. By accident when conditions
were just right a satisfactory product </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> might be produced. But there was
no certainty that another batch, treated in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apparently the same way, would
not prove a failure. Obviously manufacture on a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commercial scale under these conditions
was impossible. Other processes, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> theoretically possible, have proved
too expensive for commercial utility. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Hence a literature disclosing apparently
repeated successful solution of a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> problem, which as a matter of fact,
has not prior to the present invention </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> received any satisfactory solution." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It seems, therefore, that
the Bureau of Standards was somewhat mistaken in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">having claimed to make the only discovery
which put this great industry on its </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">feet. Either a mistake was made by the
Bureau, or Mr. Newkirk has done the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards a grievous wrong.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of Standards not
only claims the discovery of a process which has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">created, or will create a new industry,
but it specifies particularly the things </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which it has discovered. Before their
experiments, which evidently were carried </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">on immediately prior to 1920, they stated
that all previous preparations of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">dextrose were from alcoholic solutions.
In a patent, No. 256,623, dated April </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">18, 1882, issued to Arno Behr, he makes
the following statement:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In carrying out
my process I form a watery solution of grape-sugar </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> containing, say, thirteen per cent.
of water and deposit the same in a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> suitable tank or vessel, and maintain
it at a temperature of about 90° </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Fahrenheit for a period of one
to two weeks, or until thorough crystallization </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> has taken place. * * * In order
to somewhat hasten crystallization, I </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> introduce into the concentrated
solution a minute quantity of finely-divided </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallized anhydrous grape-sugar
previously prepared." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Thus it is seen that two
of the discoveries of the Bureau of Standards, one, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that dextrose could be crystallized from
an aqueous solution, and the other that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">it could be hastened by the addition of
previously crystallized dextrose, were </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">known and patented forty years prior to
this great discovery. The fact that the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">temperature should be kept up to or, above
blood heat for the purpose, of making </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">anhydrous dextrose is clearly pointed
out in the patent issued to T. B. Wagner </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">(No. 259,794, dated June 20, 1882). He
says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Prior to my
invention it was known that crystallized anhydride of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> grape-sugar could be produced by
dissolving grape sugar in strong alcohol and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallizing it from the alcoholic
solution; but in this process it is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> difficult to entirely free the
resulting product from all traces of alcohol </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and from an unpleasant flavor resulting
from impurities contained in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> commercial alcohol. My improved
product,, which consists of pure crystallized </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> anhydrous grape-sugar, entirely
free from all traces of alcohol, may be made </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> in various ways from water solutions
of grape sugar." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The claim he makes is as
follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I claim as my
invention a new article of manufacture, crystallized </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> anhydrous grape-sugar, free from
any trace or flavor of alcohol or its </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> impurities, produced from a watery
solution of grape-sugar. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In a patent issued to T.
B. Wagner, No. 835,145, dated Nov. 6, 1906, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">following purpose of the invention is
described:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The object of
my invention is to produce anhydrous grape-sugar from corn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or other analogous farinaceous
material by a method in which the yield of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sugar is larger, its quality is
purer, the time required for its production is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> shortened, and the amount of labor
required is materially lessened. I have </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> found that all of these results
may be obtained by abandoning that part of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> present process which has heretofore
been considered neeessary--that is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> keeping the crystals during the
process of generation in as quiet and still a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> condition as possible, and on the
contrary employing the principle of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallization in motion." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> From the above citations
it seems plain that the claims made by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards as the original discoverers
of this great industry are, to say the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">least, contrary to historical evidence.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ATTEMPT TO MODIFY THE FOOD LAW</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> While the foregoing is interesting
as a sample of bureaucratic ethics it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">serves solely as a background to an assault
on the food law.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font>
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The most objectionable effort of the
Bureau of Standards was in trying, by </font></b>
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the great weight of its authority as
the original discoverers, to force this </font></b>
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">product ("corn syrup")upon the American
people under the guise of real sugar.</font></b>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">A bill was introduced into the House of
Representatives by Mr. Cole, on </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">December 7, 1925 (H. R. No. 39), providing
that the Food and Drugs Act be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">amended so that the presence of dextrose
in food products would not be regarded </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">as a misbranding and would not require
any notification of its presence. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">same bill (S. 481), was introduced into
the Senate of the United States by Mr. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Cummins on Dec. 8, 1925.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Senate bill was considered
by the Committee on Manufactures, beginning </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Thursday, January 7, 1926. There was no
very great publicity given to this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">hearing and the only persons who appeared,
besides the members of the Committee, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">were Senator Cummins, Representative Holaday,
and Representative Cole. Senator </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Cummins said to the Committee:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Introduction
of that paragraph into the law would avoid the charge that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> any article of food in which corn
sugar is used is either misbranded or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> adulterated." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Mr. Holaday said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Mr. Chairman,
I should like to voice my approval of the measure before </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> you, and the feeling is somewhat
general throughout the agricultural regions </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of the country that this bill may
be of benefit to corn producers. The fact </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that the producer of goods sweetened
with cane sugar is not compelled to place </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> anything to that effect on his
label, while the manufacturer who sweetens with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> corn sugar is required to mention
that fact on his label, creates an unjust </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> impression in the minds of the
people." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Representative Cole stated:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> " The difference
between dextrose and sucrose, a chemist has told me, is as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> small as a molecule of water. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Now what does
that mean? It means that it will be used very largely, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> especially in the case of sweetened
fruits. You buy canned peaches, sweetened </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> apples, in many cases too sweet,
in fact they have to put in so much cane </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sugar in preserving these fruits
that they become almost like a sirup. In </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> using corn sugar that degree of
sweetness would not be obtained, but still the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> preserving power would be there. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Committee, after hearing
these witnesses and no one appearing in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">opposition, made a favorable report and
as a result of this report the Senate </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">unammously passed the bill.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">LEGALIZING ADULTERATION OF FOODS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> When these bills came before
the House, the Bureau of Standards appeared as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the chief protagonist of this effort to
mutilate the Food Law. At the time the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">hearings were begun on March 2, 1926,
a formidable array of opponents to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">measure was on hand. Among these were
Mr. George S. DeMuth, representing the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">bee-keepers, the Hon. Franklin Menges,
representative in Congress from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Pennsylvania, Mr. W. G. Campbell, chief
of the Regulatory Service of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Department of Agriculture, Dr. George
M. Kober, .eminent physician and Dean of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Georgetown University Medical School,
and Mr. Harvey W. Wiley, farmer. Among </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the protagonists of this measure was Mr.
Frederick Bates of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards. Following is a brief outline
of his testimony.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> He said he did not feel it
would ever be necessary to defend the creation of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">industries of such momentousi importance,
and when the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">created crystallized dextrose, a carbohydrate
of great food value, great </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">stability, great purity, and great cheapness,
it was deemed a waste of time to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">attempt to take out a basic patent on
a subject in which the process of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">manufacture requires so many individual
steps. .He called attention to the fact </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that the Bureau of Standards for the first
time in one hundred years had </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">successfully crystallized manite and dextrose
from.a water solution, and that is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the crux of the whole matter.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> He referred to the fact that
there had been, he presumed, several hundred </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">patents on the subject of dextrose. As
an example he cited Mr. W. B. Newkirk, a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">practical sugar-maker.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "He was the man
I sent to the Corn Products Refining Company to perform the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> first experiment, and he threw
down four thousand pounds of chemically pure </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> crystallized dextrose after forty
years of failure." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Mr. Bates grew more enthusiastic
as he was questioned in regard to whether </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Mr. Newkirk in his patents had mentioned
any of the things discovered by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards. Like the men in Buckram,
these patents "grew apace." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Finally (page 122) Mr. Bates said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> " I suppose 500
would be a conservative estimate of the number of patents </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> on dextrose processes now in existence.
Possibly there are 1000." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> These patents must have been
granted in foreign countries. Very few are found </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in our patent office, even including the
six taken out by Mr. Newkirk after he </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">left the Bureau of Standards.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">NUMBER OF PATENTS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A careful search was made
in the archives of the patent office, aided by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">experts employed therein, to determine
the number of patents issued in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">conversion of starch into other products,
and particularly to dextrine, gums, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">glucose and grape-sugar or dextrose. Possibly
a few patents may have been </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">overlooked, and perhaps two or three may
have been included which do not belong </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to this category. A total of 64 patents
treat of making dextrose or grape-sugar </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">from starch. It is curious to note that
the greatest activity in taking out </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">patents was in the years 1880 to 1886
inclusive, during which time 27 patents </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">were issued for this purpose. This was
at the time the glucose industry was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">attracting public and financial attention,
and naturaJly marked the era of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">greatest activities and inventions.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> As has already been shown,
all the principal methods used, with the exception </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of those covered by the patents of Mr.
Newkirk, included substantially the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">processes employed in all dextrose factories
at that time and subsequently. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">There seems to be nothing fundamentally
new in any of the patents taken out by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Mr. Newkirk since his resignation from
the Bureau of Standards and his </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">employment by the Corn Products Company.
The patents taken out by Mr. Newkirk </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">were at first assigned to the Corn Products
Company, but later ones were </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">assigned to the International Patents
Developing Corporation, of Wilmington, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Delaware.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">RELATIVE SWEETNESS OF SUCROSE AND DEXTROSE</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of Standards claims
a relative sweetness for dextrose of about 75 </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">per cent. of the sweetening power of sucrose.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Dr. C. A. Browne presented
a paper to the Thirtieth Annual Conference of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Association of Dairy, Food and Drug Officials
of the United States in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Washington, October, 1926. On Page 6 of
the printed proceedings I find the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">following:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Gottloeb Kirchof
about the year 1806 discovered that the starch of cereal </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> grains from heating with acid could
be converted into a crystallizable sugar. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> * * * The process as originally
described by Kirchof consisted in beating 100 </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> pounds of starch with 400 pounds
of water and 1-1/2 pounds of strong sulphuric </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> acid, boiling for a period of 25
hours with constant renewal of the evaporated </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> water. After clarification the
neutralized mass was evaporated to a thick </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> syrup, set aside for several days
until crystallization was complete. The</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> inventor, Kirchof, made the following
observation : </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Although starch
sugar does not have the sweetness of ordinary sugar, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ratio of its sweetness to that
of the latter being only 1 to 2-1/4, it can </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> nevertheless replace cane sugar
for many purposes.' </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Dr. Browne continues (page
11)</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Certain advocates
of 'corn sugar' have employed, as their measurement of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> its sweetness, the recently determined
value of Biester, Wood and Wahlin for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> pure anhydrous dextrose which is
74.3 per cent of the sweetening power of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sucrose. . This value is much higher
than any reported by previous </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> investigators. The values in the
literature for the sweetness of anhydrous </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> dextrose range from 40 to 74.3
per cent, the variations being due to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> differences in the methods of determination
and to differenes in individual </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> taste perception. In such cases
the only legitimate procedure is to take the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> average of the results of all observers
and this average, including the very </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> high figure of Biestor, Wood and
Wahlin, for the nine determinations which I </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> have found in the literature is
54.4 per cent. This value when corrected for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the 8.43 per cent of water in 'corn
sugar' gives a true value of 49.81 per </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> cent for the sweetness of the product
as compared with sucrose. In other words </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'corn sugar' is only about one-half
as sweet as cane and. beet sugar and twice </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> as much of it must be used in food
products as of cane or beet sugar, if the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> same degree of sweetness is to
be obtained. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This discussion of the subject
by Dr. Browne is in strict conformity with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific ethics and leads to a conclusion
entirely different from that assumed </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">by the Bureau of Standards. If dextrose
is used for sweetening purposes, twice </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">as much of it is required as.for ordinary
sugar. If it is used as a, filler, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that is an adulterant, the more you put
in the better the purpose of its use is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">secured. This is the kind of sugar which
the committee decided, chiefly under </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the influence of the Bureau of Standards,
was the proper thing to offer the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">American consumer without notice of its
presence. What a remarkable change from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the attitude of the members of the Interstate
and Foreign Commerce Committee at </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the present time to that which characterized
their deliberations in 1906!</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">CAN OTHERS DO IT?</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The following question was
propounded to Mr. Bates, Page 127. Hearing, before </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Interstate Commerce Committee:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Is it possible
for any one else to produce corn sugar that you know of now, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> profitably, that is this crystallized
dextrose sugar without using the process </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that was perfected .in your laboratory
and subsequently patented by the men </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that represent you?" To which Mr.
Bates answered, "Yes." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Another embarrassing question
is found on page 130;</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Right here let
me ask, was your study of dextrose instigated by the Corn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Products Refining Company?" to
which Mr. Bates replied, "Oh, no, they had </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> nothing whatever to do with it." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Evidently, however, the first
mass experiment made by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards' process was not made in the
Bureau at all. On the same page Mr. Bates </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Our contribution
was to demonstrate to the world that a man could take </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> ordinary sugar-making machinery
and throw down pure crystallized dextrose on a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> factory scale. We made 4000 pounds
on the first experiment." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On the same page the question
was asked:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The Corn Products
Refining Company had been unable to do that?" </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> To which Mr. Bates replied:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "They.had spent
about $6,000,000 in effort to make dextrose. They had built </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> one factory in Chicago costing
$1,500,000 and had abandoned it many years </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> before, after attempting to operate
it. for a year or two." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Mr. Bates finally acknowledged
that dextrose is not a new sugar, and in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">answer to a question he said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "There is nothing new in
the product. It is a new sugar in the sense that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">after forty years of failure by the anufacturers
who are interested in utilizing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">corn we have sueceeded in throwing down
the material from water solutions."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The fact is that Kirchof
in 1806 described the process and Dr. Arno Behr, in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">1882, took out a patent for producing
dextrose from water solution, and Dr; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Wagner in 1906 described in detail the
technique of crystallizing and how to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">secure anhydrous crystals.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> According to the records
of the Bureau of Standards, their experiment in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">creating this new industry was made in
1919. In 1923 Mr. Newkirk had already </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">been in the service of the Corn Products
Company for about two yeaxs. In. 1922 </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">he filed his first application for patents
which were assigned to the Corn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Products Company. Mr. Bates informed the
Committee that according to the best </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">figures he had available, so-called corn
sugar, that is dextrose, can be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">produced under present methods at about
2 cents per pound, when corn is a dollar </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">a bushel. He told the Committtee that
there is no pure corn sugar produced in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the world today on a commercial scale
except that produced by Americans, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that this fact is entirely due to the
initiative of the Congress of the United </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">States, which provided the funds to make
this work possible. When asked to give </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">some idea of the future of the industry,
Mr. Bates replied:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Experience has
taught me that it is better to remami silent. But I leave </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> it to your experience and knowledge
as to what happens when any basic material </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of great stability, purity and
cheapness can be produced." </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">OPPONENTS IGNORED</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In point of fact, the members
of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Commerce had very little confidence in
those who appeared in opposition to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">pending bill. In the report of the sub-committee,
which was adopted by the whole </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">committee, it is stated on the first page:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "In arriving
at this conclusion we have had the benefit of conferences and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> frequent consultations and advice
with the Bureau of Standards, the Department </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of Agriculture, and with the legislative
Counsel, to all of whom we </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> acknowledge our obligation. We
are, however, under special obligation to Dr. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> George K. Burgess, Director, and
to Dr. Frederick Bates, of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Standards, and attach hereto as
a part of our report their concise and clear </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> statement regarding these new sugars
which were first developed by their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> department, and call your especial
attention to a definite statement made </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> therein by eight of the leading
medical authorities of the United States as to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the complete wholesomeness of these
sugars, which opinion is supplemented by a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> letter dated March 18, 1926, from
Dr. H. S. Cumming, Surgeon General of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> United States Public Health Service,
which we also attach with this report. We </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> call attention also to the numerous
citations of authorities furnished us by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the Bureau of Standards in support
of their position." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Not a syllable is said concerning
the luminous opposing data presented by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Honorable Franklin Menges, Member of the
House, Mr. George DeMuth, representing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the bee-keepers, Mr. W. G. Campbell of
the Regulatory Service of the Department </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of Agriculture, and H. W. Wiley, in defense
of the Food Law. The only quotation </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">from the Department of Agriculture is
the Secretary's approval of the amended </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">bill.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">REQUEST BUREAU OF STANDARDS FOR HEALTH
DATA</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In securing this information
the Bureau of Standards entered on a new </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">activity, namely as promoters of the public
health. Director Burgess in his </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">letter of March 28, 1926, said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "In addition
we would state for your information that the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Standards does not deal with the
subject of foods in relation either to health </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or to physiologic action in their
primary aspect. Investigations of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> character involved in these subjects
belong to the realm of medical science." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The above is a most important
statement. There is one field of activity in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which the Bureau of Standards has not
yet entered. Nevertheless they have made a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fine beginning and the nose of the camel
is now under the edge of the, tent. It </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">is to be expected that within a short
time the Bureau of Standards will assume </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">all of these medical investigations in
which they have made already a very </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">considerable start.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> When the Bureau of Standards
was asked to do this public health work by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">committtee, it looked around to see where
it could best direct its efforts. Dr. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Burgess says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "In deciding
upon the sources from which to obtain the information you </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> requested, the staffs of various
Government institutions, such as the United </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> States Public Health Service, the
Hygienic Laboratory, the Army Medical </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> School, and the Bureau of Home
Economics have been consulted, and their able </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> suggestions followed. And it may
pertinently be noted at this point that in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> our search we have failed to find
a statement by a single authority that is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> detrimental to the use of dextrose
and levulose as human foods, or that their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> use as foods would cause diabetes
mellitus. On the contrary we have found that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> all authorities are positive as
to the desirability of these sugars as human </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> foods. Their commendation of the
Bureau's work on the sugars, whenever they </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> have. had occasion to comment,
has been unstinted. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This investigation into the
realms of public health made by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards, at the request of the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">was due to a statement I made before the
Committee in regard to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">undesirability of increasing the amount
of prechewed and predigested foods in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the American dietary.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On page 113 of the hearings
I said:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Now let me give
you just a few more words about another feature of injury. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> You understand that we eat starch
and fruit sugars. We digest those. If the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sucrose has not been digested we
digest it. If the starch has not been </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> digested we digest it, with the
functions which we have achieved in this life, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and then the sugar enters the blood
stream. Now what becomes of the levulose? </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> We never find levulose in the blood
stream. We find only dextrose. The sugar </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that is in the blood and goes to
the tissnes and there is burned is always </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> dextrose, it is never levulose.
I wish I knew what became of levulose. I do </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> not; but it is possible that there
may be an enzyme, a digestive enzyme, that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> converts levulose into dextrose.
Suppose you have too much starch and too much </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sugar. You cannot burn it all at
once. It is converted into an inert substance </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> called glycogen and is stored up
in this condition in the liver and in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> tissues. The burning of the sugar
in the blood is activated by the pancreas. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> <b>Now if we flood our stomachs
with dextrose ("corn syrup"), then we will need half a dozen artificial
pancreases to take care of it, and there is the real danger, the threatening
danger, as every wise physiologist will tell you, from that source. So
that both by reason of paralysis of our digestive apparatus through lack
of functioning that is a threat in itself, and by reason of the increase
of the amount of dextrose which we ingest far above what we need we endanger
our health in the most serious way. So that I voice now, and with all the
emphasis I can put on it, my disagreement with every other person, except
Dr. Menges, who has testified here, and it has been unanimous almost, who
has said that this predigested and prechewed dextrose is harmless. I deny
it and I think I have most scientific grounds to convince you, gentlemen,
that it is not a harmless substance.</b> In closing, Mr. Chairman, I want
to say that I </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> labored for 22 years before I saw
the fruits of my labors in the Food and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Drugs Act. I did not give myself
the name ' but I am universally acclaimed as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the father of the Food and Drugs
Act, as I am universally acclaimed as the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> father of the Beet Sugar Industry.
I see both of my children threatened, and I </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> have a parental love. Now I have
lived long enough to see my two alleged </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> children grow up almost to their
majority. Twenty years old they are. I do not </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> want to live long enough to see
them crucified." </font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">INJURY TO HEALTH</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The activities of the Bureau
of Standards in securing expressions from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">various eminent medical authorities to
the effect that levulose and dextrose as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">found in honey and in invert sugar are
not prejudicial to health was a work of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">supererogation. I can not find in any
of the hearings before the committee, or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">otherwise, that any such question was
under consideration. Evidently the purpose </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of this investigation by the Bureau of
Standards into the region of health was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to counteract the statements I made before
the committee that predigested starch </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">(glucose), in such quantities as was suggested
by the Bureau of Standards, was a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">real threat to health.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I desire to refer to page
135 of the hearings on Interstate and Foreign </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Commerce on H. R. No. 39.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> MR. HOCH: "Are you familiar
with the quotations that Mr. Cole makes from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">medical authorities?"</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> DR. WILEY: "Certainly, I
am. I do not deny the virtue of dextrose as a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">medicine for any man who cannot digest
his own food. It is a valuable remedy; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">for use in a hospital. I should hate to
see dextrose moved out of the hospital, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">because people in the hospital usually
have poor digestive faculties and need </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">blood sugar."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> MR. HOCH: "If corn sugar
should be used generally throughout the country </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">instead of cane sugar or beet sugar what
would be the effect upon the health of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the country?."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> DR. WILEY: "I have no quarrel
for use of dextrose in hospitals, and if you </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">should use dextrose in place of sugar
that would be all right as to food but all </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">wrong as to conservation of natural digestion."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I quote here two statements,
one from a physiologic chemist and one from a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">celebrated physician. Dr. Albert P. Mathews,
Professor of Physiological </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, under
date of Jan. 11, 1927 says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "As regards the
effect of lack of use of our digestive apparatus by eating </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> predigested food, I dare say the
point you make is correct. It seems to be the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> general experience throughout the
animal kingdom that the use of an organ </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> increases its efficiency and keeps
its health. What you say as to the quantity </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of this new sugar which would probably
be consumed staggers me, but it is true </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that it can't be told by its appearance
from a good grade of granulated sugar, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and if it is cheaper I have no
doubt it would drive the other out of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> market, which would be a great
calamity." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The other authority, the
eminent physician, is Dr. E. L. Fiske, Director of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Life Extension Institute of New York.
Writing under date of Jan. 21, 1927, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">he says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I concur in
your views that it is unwise to make any change in the present </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> law requiring that dextrose should
be so labeled. While it is quite true that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> dextrose is just as available a
fuel as sucrose, indeed more available because </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of the fact that the action of
digestive enzymes is not required, I feel that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the present consumption of sugar
is far beyond the physiological needs of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> population and tends to narrow
the diet. I believe that food sugars should be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> drawn from natural sugars, such
as fruit sugars and sucrose. Statistics would </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> indicate that diabetes is increasing
in this country and I can see some point </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> in your caution that the use of
a predigested sugar may in itself not be in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the interest of public health.
In regard to no other food is predigestion </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> looked upon as a physiological
advantage, but rather the contrary, except in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the emergencies of illness." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> These opinions of these two
eminent experts would be supported by every </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">competent physiologist and dietitian in
the country not under the influence of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Bureau of Standards and the Corn Products,
Company. Predigestion of our </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">foods to the extent indicated would tend
to undermine and destroy public health.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In regard to the quantity
of sugar I quoted to Dr. Mathews the statements </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">before the committee that if this bill
(39 H. R.) should pass, permitting </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">dextrose to be used in food. products
without notice, as much as two billion </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">pounds would enter into the stomachs of
the American public annually. In a book </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">entitled "What Price Progress?" by Hugh
Farrel, page 183, reference is made to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the work of the Bureau of Standards and
of the Corn Products Refining Company, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">stressing somewhat gingerly the importance
of "If."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Did you ever
think about the word "if" as a shock absorber? Probably not. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "If" is usually used as a license
for loose talk. If I couldn't use "if" in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> telling you about the probable
effects of recent scientific research on the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> sugar industry, I would keep quiet,
I wouldn't say anything. I'm not timid, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> not to speak of, but I wouldn't
like to. assume the responsibility for a bald </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> statement that researches of chemists
in the employ of the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and of the Corn Products Refining
Company meant the beginning of the end of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the cane and beet sugar industries,
I wouldn't like to make that a flat-footed </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> statement even though it might
be and probably would be true." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This enthusiastic follower
of the Bureau of Standards makes the Bureau's </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">modest estimate of 2,000,000,000 pounds
look like the prognosis of a piker, by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">predicting a possible 40,000,000,000 crop.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is of interest to know
that while the Corn Products Company was perfectly </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">satisfied to leave its case with the Bureau
of Standards, it was in deep </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sympathy with this measure. In the American
Food Journal of January 1927, Page </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">24, is an article entitled "Some Facts
About Corn Sugar," by W. R. Cathcart of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Corn Products Refining Company, New
York City. In this article Mr. Cathcart </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">says:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Of course the
production of dextrose in commercial quantities did not </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> remain hidden under the bushel.
Corn sugar soon figured conspicuously in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> public press, particularly in papers
circulating in the corn growing, states, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and dextrose entered the political
arena. It was clear that an increased </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> market for corn sugar meant an
increased market for corn. The movement for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> relief of the corn grower was strong
in the corn growing states and several </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> measures were introduced into Congress
to meet the situation. Identical bills </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> were introduced by Senator Cummins
and Congressman Cole to amend the Pure Food </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Act so that a product could not
be deemed misbranded or adulterated if it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> contained corn sugar. Hearings
before the House Committee developed opposition </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> on the part of the Department of
Agriculture and Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, former </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry.
It was denied by Dr. Wiley that dextrose is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> a wholesome product. * * * The
Corn Products Company is a strong supporter of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the Pure Food Law and has no desire
to change from this position. Speaking as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the representative of that industry,
we intend to work in harmony with the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> constituted authorities and obey
the prescribed regulations. We believe in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> hard common sense. We will continue
to present arguments which we know to be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> economically and scientifically
sound. We are confident that eventually reason </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and well established facts will
overcome fanaticism and misstatement." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The persons who manufacture
commercial glucose and commercial dextrose may </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">not engage in adulterating foods therewith,
but they do furnish the raw </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">materials which adulterators use. The
predecessor of the Corn Products Company </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">manufactured "Flourine" which was used
to adulterate wheat flour. To correct</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">this abuse it was necessary for Congress
to pass the mixed flour act. This </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">effectually stopped the use of "flourine"
in wheat flour. It was the Corn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Products Company that secured the change
of label for one of its products, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">namely glucose, to "corn sugar," a clear
violation of the food law. The natural </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sugar of corn, both in the stalk and in
the ear, is sucrose and the law forbids </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">calling any other object or product by
the same name as one already established. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Bureau of Standards also referred
to dextrose as the ideal filler. To a food </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">adulterator the ideal filler is a cheaper
substance which he can substitute for </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">a dearer substance. Mr. Cathcart's statement
that the Corn Products Company does </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">not desire to misbrand or adulterate any
product is hardly borne out by well </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">known facts. Glucose and its near relations
have been, are and will continue to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">be the champion adulterants.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE SO-CALLED CORN
SUGAR BILL</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce rejected the Senate bill </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which would open all foods indiscriminately
for the use of dextrose without </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">limit and without notice to the purchaser.
The committee reported the bill in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which the permission to use dextrose in
this way was limited to frozen products, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">such as ice cream, and to bakers' products
and meat products. This bill was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">approved by the House of Representatives
but only with a very small majority. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The opposition to it had grown to enormous
proportions.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> . The bill, as it passed
the House, was entered on the Senate calendar and it </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">was understood that when it was called
up the Senate would not insist upon its </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">own measure, but would be content to adopt
the measure as it passed the House. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">It was called up on the 2nd of July, 1926,
just two or three days before both </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">houses of Congress had voted to adjourn.
Unless it could be acted upon on this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">occasion there would be no additional
time in which it could be considered by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Senate.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Senator Neely of West Virginia
had become convinced that this was a vicious </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">measure. He felt also that if it came
to a vote the Senate, having already </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">passed a more drastic bill, would probably
concur in the bill as modified by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">House. He therefore determined to defeat
the measure by a lone filibuster. He </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">secured the floor of the Senate and openly
announced his determination to hold </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">it until the hour at which the bill could
be considered had passed. He held in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">his hand A copy of Good Housekeeping,
and read from time to time paragraphs </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">therefrom, showing the enormity of the
crime intended. By that time, however, a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">large number of Senators had seen the
error of their way and expressed their </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sympathy with Senator Neely who was trying
to prevent a national crime.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I addressed to Senator Neely
after his successful filibuster the following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">letter:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The country
owes you a vote of thanks for your heroic and successful </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> endeavor yesterday to block the
approval of the so-called 'Corn-Sugar' Bill. * </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> * * </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "As determined
by Dr. C. A. Browne, the sweetening power of corn sugar is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> only 50% of that of sucrose. It
is much more insoluble. It leaves a very </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> disagreeable, bitter after-taste.
To foist this sugar upon the American public </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> without knowledge is a crime of
the deepest dye. I sincerely hope you will be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> on your guard if any subsequent
attempt is made to rush this legislation </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> through the Senate. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> To this letter Senator Neely,
on the 3rd of July, replied as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I regret to
confess there are no words in my vocabulary sufficiently </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> vigoious to convey to your mind
my sincere appreciation of your more than </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> gracious letter of the second day
of July. Frankly, whatever service I have </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> rendered the country's consumers
of sweetened food products, I have been able </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> to perform solely by virtue of
the information contained in your illuminating </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> article which recently appeared
in Good Housekeeping. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Sincerely hoping
that the public may be thoroughly informed as to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> menace of the pending legislation
on the subject of corn sugar before Congress </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> reconvenes in December, I am, with
the best of wishes and the kindest of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> regards, always, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Faithfully yours,</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">
(Signed) M. M. Neely." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On December 16th, 1926, I
wrote Senator Neely as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I am writing
to ask if there is any immediate prospect of the so-called </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Corn Sugar Bill being taken from
the calendar and considered by the Senate? I </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> am preparing a document which I
wish to submit to each member of the Senate </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> when it is likely that such consideration
will take place. Your work last </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> summer in blocking this legislation
was most notable and successful. I hope </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> you have not lost any of your enthusiasm
in this case and will be on guard, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> with the other Senators who stood
by you on that occasion, to prevent any </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> mutilation of our food law." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> To this letter Senator Neely
on the same day replied as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Replying to
your very acceptable letter of the sixteenth day of December, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I regret to inform you that it
is quite probable that the so-called </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Corn-Sugar Bill' will-be 'called
up' at almost any hour of any day. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Yesterday, a
Senator from a western state inquired of me particularly as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> to the possibility of my discontinuing
my opposition to this measure. I told </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> him, and I now assure you, that
I purpose to oppose the passage of the Corn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Sugar Bill to the limit of my capacity
as long as I continue a member of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Senate. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "In view of the
article on the subject which appeared in the last number of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Good Housekeeping,' I feel impelled
to tell you that I have absolutely no </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> selfish interest of any kind or
character in seeking to defeat this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> legislation. I am prompted to the
course I have adopted by a single motive, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and that motive is to preserve,
protect, and defend the Pure Food Law and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> thereby protect the health of the
people of the country." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On December 17th, 1926, I
wrote Senator Neely as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "I hope, even
if Congress should pass this measure, that the President will </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> refuse to sign it. I feel certain
President Coolidge could not complacently </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> approve of the perpetration of
such a huge.fraud upon the American public. It </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> means fraud in every household
in this broad land. I sincerely hope you may be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> able again to block this vicious
legislation, either by force of reason, or, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> if necessary, by filibuster. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Under date of December 18,
1926, Senator Neely wrote me as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Yesterday Senator
Ashurst and I conferred at considerable length about the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> subject matter of your communication,
and rededicated ourselves to the task of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> preventing the enactment of a measure
(despite the good faith of its </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> proponents) which he and I believe
thoroughly vicious." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There was organized, therefore,
a number of Senators into a committee who </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">promised to guard carefully the rights
of the people by objecting to any </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">unanimous consideration of taking the
bill from its regular place on the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Calendar. This was particularly true in
the last days of, the session when night </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sessions were called to consider bills
to which no objection was made. I wrote </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Senator Neely and asked him to organize
a watch-meeting to see that at least one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Senator was always present who would object
to taking the so-called. Corn Sugar </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bill from its place on the. calendar,
by unanimous consent. In this way all </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">legislation of this kind was blocked until
the 69th Congress expired at noon on </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the 4th day of March,1927.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> All pending bills are now
dead. If the 70th Congress undertakes to enact a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">measure of this kind, a powerfully organized
minority at least, will be ready to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">interpose all required parliamentary obstacles
to such legislation. It is quite </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">certain, therefore, that any other bill
of a similar character would have a very </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">rugged future before it, and it is almost
morally certain that no such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">legislation can now be enacted.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ALWAYS THE PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURE</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "There shall
be at the seat of Government a Department of Agriculture, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> general design and duties of which
shall be to acquire and to diffuse among </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the people of the United States
useful information on subjects connected with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> agriculture, in the most general
and comprehensive sense of that word, and to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> procure, propagate, and distribute
among the people new and valuable seeds and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> plants"--Act May 15,1862. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> From the very beginning of
the investigations of sugar they were given by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Congress to the Bureau of Chemistry, Department
of Agriculture. Dr. MacMurtrie </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in the early 70's, first as an assistant
and then as Chief of the Bureau, worked </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">upon these problems and particularly carried
on investigations looking to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">establishment of the beet sugar industry.
His successor, Dr. Collier, my </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">immediate predecessor, made extensive
investigations as to the possibility of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">using sorghum as the principal source
of sugar.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> When I was put in charge
of the chemical work in 1883 it was with the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">distinct understanding that the sorghum
investigations would be completed. To </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">that end, in collaboration with A. A.
Denton, the first study of the possibility </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of increasing the content of sugar and
the percentage of purity in the sorghum </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">plant was undertaken and continued for
eight years. Varieties of sorghum were </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">developed showing an average content of
4% increase in sugar. All of these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigations have been published in
numerous bulletins of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chemistry. My successor, Dr. Alsberg,
continued these investigations. His </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">successor, Dr. C. A. Browne, has kept
the work up. Thus from 1870 to 1927, a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">period of 57 years, Congress has continuously
provided the funds for carrying on </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">these investigations in the Bureau of
Chemistry.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The appropriation for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1926, provided funds:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "To investigate
the chemical composition of sugar and starch-producing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> plants in the United States and
their possessions. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1928, the appropriation bill for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Department of Agriculture contains the
following authorization:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "For the investigation
and development of methods for the manufacture of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> table syrup and sugar by utilization
of new agricultural sources." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> If this means anything, it
means that levulose is one of the new sources of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sugar production, which Congress in its
regular session committed to the new </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. Does not
then this problem by right of possession </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and by a continued recognition by Congress
for 57 years entitle the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chemistry to carry on all investigations
of this kind? By right of possession, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">as well as by ethical considerations.
that rule ought not to be transgressed.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A careful survey of the original
act establishing the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fails even to give a hint that any investigations
of this kind should be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">assigned to any other department than
that of agriculture. The investigations </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which led to the establishment of the
beet sugar industry were given exclusively </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to the Department of Agriculture, as the
original act provided. There is one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">point, however, in which perhaps it is
wise to permit the investigations of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">levulose through another department. The
Bureau of Standards has proclaimed that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">when levulose under its initiative is
made as cheaply, as dextrose, then there </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">is no longer any reason for the existence
of either the beet sugar or the cane </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sugar industries. Of course Congress never
intended that the Department of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Agriculture should be used for the destruction
of established agricultural </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">industries. So, naturally, investigations
which would destroy these industries </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">would not be germane to the fundamental
idea around which the Department of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Agriculture has been built. It does seem
a little bit strange that Congress </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">which is now bending all its energies
to do something for the relief of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">farmer should give to the Bureau of Standards
a large sum of money for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">purpose of endeavoring to destroy some
of our most profitable agricultural </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">industries.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">DEVELOPMENT OF DEXTROSE AND LEVULOSE INDUSTRIES</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Speaking before the committee
in favor of a defieiency appropriation for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">development of the levulose industries,
the Director of the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">gave glowing accounts of what could be
done with the Jerusalem artichoke. In </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">answer to a question of the chairman as
to the difficulty of gathering the wild </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">artichoke economically, it was stated
that it would be cultivated, and he </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">illustrated the improvement in the content
of sugar, that is levulose, in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">artichoke from what had been done in breeding
beets. He called attention to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fact that the percentage of sugar in the
wild beet had been, by careful </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">breeding, more than doubled.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The chairman asked Dr. Burgess
(page 279 of the hearings),</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Is any of this
sugar which you have shown it is possible to produce used </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> anywhere?" </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> DR. BURGESS:
"Not yet. It has only been actually produced in sugar form in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> our laboratory. The trick was to
get it out of water solution." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The director enlarged on
the problems they were about to undertake (page 288 </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of the hearings.)</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The production
of sugar is one of the world's largest industries. A new </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> industry which threatens to modify
this production is a thing of first </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> importance to mankind. The Bureau
of Standards is considering not merely the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> question of modification, but the
possibility to a great extent of replacement </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of ordinary sugar (sucrose) by
levalose. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is no wonder, therefore,
that the $50,000 asked for were given to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards, which is a branch
of the Department of Commerce, and not to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Department of Agriculture, which is
immensely interested in the maintenance </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of both the cane and the sugar beet industries.
The purpose of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards is to abolish both of these
industries.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There are many serious difficulties
in the way of developing an economical </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">levulose industry. It is stated by the
Bureau of Standards that the present </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">price of levulose is approximately $100
a pound. They proposed to make it as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">cheaply as they have been able to manufacture
dextrose. The director promised </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the committee that the experimental work
would be finished in.1927. This time </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has come and gone but no publication of
levulose at 5 or 2 cents. a pound has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">yet been issued. The wisdom of the proverb,
as it is read in Boston to the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">effect that it is undesirable to enumerate
the number of progeny arising from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the incubation of the ova of gallinaceous
birds until the process is entirely </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">completed, is a matter which the Bureau
of Standards should take under careful </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">consideration. It is quite evident that
if this policy of the Standards Bureau </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">be carried out any further the original
intent of Congress will be entirely </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">lost, sight of. Evidently there is nothing
going on in this world which, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">following out the plan already adopted,
may not come within the limits of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigation of this all embracing Bureau.
Meanwhile, the work which it was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">intended to do must of necessity be neglected
in order to gather in all these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">miscellaneous activities which plainly
are foreign to the purpose of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">original act. An unbiased study of these
activities magnifies to colossal </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">proportions the dangers which Professor
Rowland pointed out.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">NO DELAY IN STARTING WHAT ROWLAND FEARED</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> From the first the Bureau
of Standards immediately began a system of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">accretion from all sources, which it has
practiced ever since. The following </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">year, 1903, it was transferred to the
Depaxtment of Commerce. It took over at </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">once the supervision of polarizing imported
sugars, which for many years had </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">been a function of the Bureau of Chemistry.
This was its first offense of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific ethics, the cardinal canon
of which is, "Don't butt into any problem </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">already in charge of some one else. This
was followed by the invasion of fields </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fully occupied by the Bureau of Chemistry
in studies of leather, paper, farm. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">wastes, and other strictly agricultural
problems. This was followed by occupying </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the field of specifications for civil
and military supplies, establishing new </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">definitions for Castile soaps, and finally
an assault on the Food and Drugs Act.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">TRADE PRACTICES</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The encroachments of trade
practices on the enforcement of the Food Law will </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">be shown in the last chapter.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> I refer solely to the illegal
and unethical practices. They are also likely </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to be dominant in the activities of the
Bureau of Standards in the case of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific associates. It is even possible
that activities of the Food and Drugs </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Act, or the investigations of the Federal
Trade Commission may be invoked to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">restrict the scientific investigations
of the Bureau of Standards. One of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">dangers which attend the exploitation
of trade practices is illustrated by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">attitude of the Bureau of Standards in
regard to Castile soap. The methods </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">employed by the manufacturers of so-called
Castile soaps are thoroughly outlined </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in Circular No. 62 of the Bureau of Standards
devoted to this subject. The trade </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">practices are set out in detail. Brands
of Castile soap are made which are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">entirely foreign to the original idea
universally accepted of this article. In </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the data below it will be noticed that
the principal chemist who has been </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">consulted in this matter, and whose suggestions
have appaxently been adopted, is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the chemist of a firm making so-called
Castile soaps of different kinds without </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">any olive oil whatever entering into their
composition.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Food and Drugs Act was
passed for the purpose of correcting trade </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">practices. Now the efforts of the Bureau
of Standards seem to be directed toward </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">establishing them as ethical processes.
This, of course, means great danger to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the consuming public. A great government
organization ought not to aid </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fraudulent trade practices and try to
foist them upon the public, even by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">mentioning them approvingly.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> " Castile Soap
was originally made from low-grade olive oils. The name now </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> represents a type of soap, the
term 'castile' being applied to a soap intended </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> for toilet or household use, sold
usually in large, unwrapped, unperfumed </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> bars, which are cut up when sold
or when used. It is often drawn directly from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the kettle without 'crutching,'
but is sometimes crutched a little or even </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> enough to make it float and is
sometimes milled. It is also sold. in small </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> bars both wrapped and unwrapped.
The type is not one easily defined, so now </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> when made from olive oil it is
invariably sold as olive-oil castile. There are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> soaps made entirely from cocoanut,
oil which are sold as cocoanut castiles or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> hardwater castiles. Many other
castiles are made from a mixture of cocoanut </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> oil and tallow." (Dept. of Commerce--Circular
of the Bureau of Standards, No. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 62--SOAP--p. 9, Jan. 24, 1923. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> NOTE: Previous Edition of
Standard Circular No. 62 (Second Edition June 17, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">1919, p. 7) reads as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'Castile soap,
otherwise known as Marseilles or Venetian soap, is prepared </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> from low-grade olive oil. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A letter from Director of
the Bureau of Standards, dated September 22, 1924, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">explains the change in language note above:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "As stated in
our letter of Sept ember 9, the statements made in paragraph </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (c) page 9, of the third edition
of our circular No. 62 were intended to give </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> information as to conditions as
they are at the present time rather than as to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> what they should be. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The Bureau has
not issued a specification or set up a standard for Castile </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Soap, nor has the bureau intentionally,
in a passive way or otherwise, injured </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> any existing standard or trade
practice regarding this commodity. Our sole aim </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> in circular 62 was to state the
facts as we found them." * * * (Signed F. C. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Brown, Acting Director; George
K. Burgess, Director.) </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> A further explanation by
Dr. Burgess, Director, in letter to T. R. Lockwood, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">March 27, 1926, is as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> " The statements
were approved by the Soap Committee of the Soap Section of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the American Specialty Manufacturers
Association, as indicated by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> following quotation from Circular
No. 62 (page 4): </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 'The Bureau has
received much valuable assistance in the preparation of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> this circular from the Soap Committee
.of the Soap Section of the American </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Specialty Manufacturers Association,
and especially Messrs. A. Campbell and C. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> P. Long, chairman and secretary
of the soap and soap products committee of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> American Chemical Society, for
which it wishes to express its grateful </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> appreciation. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Further explained by Dr.
Percy H. Walker, U. S. !Bureau of Standards, in his </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">testimony at Trade Practice Submittal
at the office of Federal Trade Commission, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">March 30, 1926 (Transcript, Page 31).</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The gentleman
sitting near me has asked me to read from a circular of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Bureau of Standards. I may preface
this by saying that THIS IS A PIECE OF </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> INFORMATION FOR WHICH WE ARE INDEBTED
TO THE SOAP TRADE. I SUBMIT IT AS A </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> PIECE OF INFORMATION. IT IS AS
FOLLOWS:" (Then follows the quotation from </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Circular No. 62, 1923, Ed. p. 9,
quoted above.) </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> C. P. Long, referred to as
a source of information for Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Circular No. 62, is, or was, Chemical
director of the Globe Soap Company, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Cincinnati, which manufactured or manufactures
four brands of "Castile" referred </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to as "Castile in combination," namely,
GLOBE CASTILE, GLOBE LION CASTILE, GLOBE </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">WHITE CASTILE, and LION CASTILE.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The statement above that
true Castile is "invariably sold as olive-oil </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Castile" is a gross error. This statement
is undoubtedly due to the regrettable </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">mistake of the revisers of the tenth decennial
pharmacopoeia, for the first time </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in its history of defining Castile soap
as olive oil Castile. This gives no </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">warrant for calling other soaps, not made
wholly from olive oil, Castile.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">DUPLICATION OF WORK OF BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">BY THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The work of the Bureau of
Chemistry on tanning materials, hides, tanning, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">leather which is conducted under the appropriations
for agricultural </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigations, has been and is being
duplicated in part by the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards of the Department of Commerce.
Work along those lines has been done in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Department of Agriculture almost since
its organization in 1862, and was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">specifically provided for in 1904, 23
years ago. Investigations on leather, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">according to the annual reports of the
Bureau of Standards, were inaugurated as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">a new line of work in that Bureau in 1917,
but 12 years ago. The attention of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Bureau of Standards has been called
to this duplication which several times </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has been the subject of conference between
the two Bureaus. Nevertheless the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">more recent annual reports of the Bureau
of Standards continue to outline a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">program on leather which involves a striking
and extensive duplication of lines </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of work plainly within the scope of the
following long established and published </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">projects of the Bureau of Chemistry:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Investigation
of the Wearing Quality of Sole leather. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Investigation
of the Composition of Leather and Tanning and Finishing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Materials. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Deterioration
of Upper, Bookbinding and Other Light Leathers. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Tanning Sole
and Harness Leather on a Small Scale. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> These projects were known
to the Bureau of Standards not alone through annual </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">reports, program of work, and other publications,
but also through the fact that </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">before the Bureau of Standards had organized
and equipped its laboratories the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">courtesy of the laboratory of the Bureau
of Chemistry was extended to them and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">its force was temporarily housed in the
laboratories devoted to the leather, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">tanning and related work of the Bureau
of Chemistry. Nevertheless, the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards later entered these fields despite
this knowledge and ignored the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">usual customs of scientific bureaus to
referring inquiries and work within the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">province of other bureaus to those bureaus.
In other words, the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards has, without discussing the
subject with the Bureau of Chemistry, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">duplicated and started to build up on
this work, knowing that it was already </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">organized and had been in operation for
some time in the Department of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Agriculture.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Moreover, with the view to
eliminate the duplications which had become </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">intolerable and indefensible, the Bureau
of Chemistry, in July, 1914, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">transferred to the Bureau of Standards
and itself discontinued the work it had </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">been doing for many years, and before
the existence of the Bureau of Standards, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">on paints, varnishes, inks, oil, and miscellaneous
supplies for the Government </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">departments with the distinct verbal understanding
between Dr. Alsberg, then </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, and
Dr. Stratton that work in certain fields, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">among them leather and tanning, should
remain in the Bureau of Chemistry.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Authority for the Work. Authority
for the work on tanning materials, hides, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">tanning and leather, which the Department
of Agriculture has been doing, is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">contained:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (a) In the organic
act creating the Department of Agriculture, which act </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> defines its duties as "to acquire
and to diffuse among the people of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> United States useful information
on subjects connected with agriculture in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> most general and comprehensive
sense of that word, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (b) In subsequent
annual appropriations made for work on these and related </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> subjects after statements by the
several bureau chiefs before Congressional </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> committees, describing the work
being done; </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> (c) In a special
order, by the Secretary of Agriculture, on July 1, 1904, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> as follows: </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "There is hereby
established in the Bureau of Chemistry a laboratory to be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> known as the Leather and Paper
Laboratory to which are to be committed the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> analyses and investigations relating
to the following subjects: </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Investigations
of tannins and tanning materials and their effects upon the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> strength and properties of leather
with a view to promoting the agricultural </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> industries relating to the production
of tannins and tanning materials and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> leather of a high quality. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "All technical
problems of a chemical nature relating to the production of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> tannins and tanning products and
of leathers. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "All technical
problems of a chemical nature relating to the production of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> leather, * * *." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">
(Signed) James Wilson, Secretary. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The substance of this order
has been made public in Bureau of Chemistry </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Circular No. 14, 1904, on " The Organization
of the Bureau of Chemistry."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> History of the Work. Work
on tanning materials, hides, tanning and leather, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">began in the Deparment of Agriculture
in the early days of its existence, and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has been described in the various annual
reports as far back as 1872. The nature </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and results of this work were laid before
Congress not only in these annual </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">reports but in the hearings before the
appropriation committees. This work had </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">progressed so that by 1900, that is before
the establishment of the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards, it was definitely organized
and a cooperative basis between the then </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Divisions of Forestry and of Chemistry.
The work on all these lines has </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">continued uninterruptedly. Since the specific
organization of this work the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Chemistry has developed an experienced
and informed personnel which </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has done much valuable work in the conservation
and development of raw </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">materials; in the development and improvement
of methods of examination to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">determine quality: on the care and serviceability
of leather; and in an advisory </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">capacity to the Government, the public
and the industry, the results being </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">published from time to time either as
Government bulletins or in scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">journals until the publications now number
in all more than eighty-five.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It has been the claim of
the Bureau of Standards that all standardization </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">work and even all scientific work of the
Federal Government should be done </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">there. Obviously this Teutonic, imperialistic
viewpoint can not be admitted by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">any of the Federal Departments, first
because it is not fair, economical or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">efficient, and second, because such has
never been the intent nor practice in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">government work. It would seem clear that
from any reasonable point of view each </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Department should, so far as feasible,
standardize those materials which fall </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">within its functions, and this has been
the practice until the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards has constantly encroached upon
the fields of other bureaus of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">several departments.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This ruthless and expensive
duplication of fields of work has actually, as is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to be expected, resulted in needless duplication
on specific problems, as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">strikingly shown by the duplication of
the work done by the Bureau of Chemistry </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">on the wearing quality of shoe leather,
published as Department Bulletin 1168 in </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">1923, which work was duplicated even to
the conclusions and published by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards in 1925 as Technological
Paper 286, "Comparative Durability </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of Vegetable and Chrome Sole Leathers."</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The last and most astonishing
encroachment of the Bureau of Standards on the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">functions of the Department of Agriculture
is found in the appropriation to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">investigate agricultural wastes. These
studies heretofore have been almost </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">continuously conducted by the Bureau of
Chemistry. It will result in useless </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">repetition of many studies in the past
thirty years looking to utilization of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">cornstalks, salvaged fruits and watermelons,
waste of canning factories, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">unmerchantable marketable products, and
various other agricultural wastes. These </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">may not rise to the dignity of crimes
but they afford striking instances of bad </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ethics.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">RESEARCH ASSOCIATES</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The most objectional feature
of the activities of the Bureau of Standards, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">aside from the attempt to mutilate the
Food Law, is seen in employment of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">research assistants. This activity seems
to fly directly in the face of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">statements of President Coolidge, at the
beginning of this chapter.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In Circular No. 296, Bureau
of Standards, Page 3, is the following statement:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Devices developed
during the research are for the free use of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> industry, the government, and the
public and will not be patented unless the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> patents are dedicated free to such
use." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Immediately following this
statement is another to this effect:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The work of
a research associate is one of peculiar trust, often </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> confidential, on problems of concern
to an entire industry." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is thus seen that much
of the research work done may be of this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">confidential character and if so would
not be published in any manner to, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">prejudice the interest of the industry
concerned. While associate scientists </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">conform to government regulations in regard
to conduct, hours of work and leave </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of absence, they are paid by the industries
interested in their work. I can find </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">no statement in Bulletin 296 as to the
total amount of compensation of these </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">workers. Correspondence with the industries
is sent free of postage, and all </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">facilities of every description for the
work are provided by government </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">appropriation. No estimates of the total
value of these contributions by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">government are given. The total number
of research associates in 1926 is given </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">at 62. On page 8 the amounts saved by
the researches of the Bureau in many </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">instances are stated. From study of brakelining
methods fifteen million dollars, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">from tire studies forty million dollars,
and from motor-fuel investigations one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">hundred million dollars are saved annually.
With such savings as these the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">pitifully meager $2,000,000 appropriation
granted to the Bureau of Standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">proves Uncle Sam a. piratical piker.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The limit of activities seems.
to have been reached in the following case </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">copied from the Washington Star, April
4, 1927. It is an illustration of one of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the experiments of the Bureau of Standards
with a machine intended to measure </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the shock absorbed by the driver of an
automobile. The description is as </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "To find out
how much shock the driver of an automobile absorbs through the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> bumping and rolling of his car
on the road is the purpose of this delicate </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> measuring device designed by the
Bureau of Standards. The information will be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> given to manufacturers for its
bearing on driving efficiency. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The following pertinent suggestions
find an appropriate place here:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> From "YOUR MONEY'S WORTH,"
by Stuart Chase and F. J. Schlink, published by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Macmillan Company, comments on the
Bureau of Standards.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> BUREAU OF STANDARDS </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of
Standards was set up by legislative enactment in 1901. It was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> placed under the control of the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor (now </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Commerce), but has always functioned
with a considerable degree of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> independence. Its director is appointed
by the President, upon nomination by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the Secretary of Commerce; its
staff is under civil service regulations and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> protected to an almost unique degree
from political pressure. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Its original
duties were simple--the erection of suitable scientific </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> standards for weights and measures.
Page 198. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Gradually the
Bureau began to take on other duties. Its scientific staff </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> provided a nucleus for further
investigations on the Government's behalf, (and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> later on behalf of industry at
large.) On account of its excellent equipment </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and expert staff, other departments
got into the habit of referring dubious </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> materials and devices to it for
analysis and test. Page 198. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Which brings
us to ask a blunt and necessary question. Why does a service </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> run by taxpayers' money refuse
information covering competitive products--to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> that same taxpayer? The answer
is obvious but not altogether convincing. It is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> argued that the general release
of test results covering competitive products </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> by the name of maker will promote
commercial injustice. Page 203. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In the long run
would not the great savings which the Government achieves </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> through the Bureau's work be multiplied
a hundred fold if all could take </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> advantage of its findings-both
ultimate consumer, manufacturer and dealer? </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Page 204. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Furthermore there
is no reason why the citizens who pay for the Bureau and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the other Government laboratories
should not have the right to initiate a </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> series of tests when the field
is important and the known information either </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> inadequate or non-existent. Manufacturers
and promoters can now secure all the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> results of competitive tests (maker's
names deleted); and they have initiated </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> thousands of new tests which the
Bureau has conducted often without cost to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> themselves. Has not the ultimate
consumer an equal right? Page 204. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Bureau of
Standards meanwhile has ruled that proper coöperation of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> federal authorities with state
and other governmental bodies, justifies the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> release to the latter of technical
information. It is willing to approve or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> condemn commercial products by
name in a table giving comparative quality or </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> performance. Local governments
can thus secure what the taxpayer can not. If </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> any state or city government wishes
to know what is the best typewriter ribbon </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> or lubricating oil to buy, its
officers need only write the Bureau to learn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the detailed results of tests that
have been made upon the product before its </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> acceptance or rejection for Government
purchase under specification. If the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> article has not already been tested
by the Bureau, it is likely that the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> needed analysis can be arranged
for without charge. Page 216. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It is clear from
the foregoing that a real start in the testing technique </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> has been made in American Government--federal,
state and municipal. There is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the beginning of solid ground Under
our feet. It is equally clear that an </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> .enormous amount remains to be
done, both in the direction of coördinating and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> making available the results of
present activities, and in the development of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> new activities. Uniform state laws
and city ordinances would seem to be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> essential next steps. Another is
the release to taxpayers of the invaluable </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> information of the Bureau of Standards,
and of the other federal, state and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> municipal bureaus. Page 217. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> During 1926 sixty-two associates
representing various industries were </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">stationed at the Bureau of Standards.
The Portland Cement Association maintains </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">a corps of eight chemists and physicists
at the Bureau. The Natural Terra Cotta </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Society has two, the National Dyers and
Cleaners has three, the Society of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Automotive Engineers four. Circular, No.
296, describes in part the gigantic </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">association of the Bureau with big business.
Such intimate union as this justly </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">merits the condemnation which President
Coolidge has pronounced against </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">collaboration of government with business.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">AUTHORITY FOR THE COLLABORATION OF REPRESENTATIVES</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">OF BIG BUSINESS WITH THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In a circular of the Bureau
of Standards, No. 296, which describes the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">activities of the research associates
of that Bureau, on page 1 is given the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">authority for such collaboration.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On April 12, 1892, Congress
passed a joint resolution for the promotion of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">learning in the City of Washington, for
the express pupose of opening Government </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific exhibits and collections to
students of higher education. The joint </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">resolution provided as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Whereas, large
collections illustrative of the various arts and sciences </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and facilitating literary and scientific
research have been accumulated by the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> action of Congress through a series
of years at the National Capital; and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Whereas it was
the original purpose of the Government thereby to promote </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> research and the diffusion of knowledge,
and is now the settled policy and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> present practice of those charged
with the care of these collections specially </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> to encourage students who devote
their time to the investigation and study of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> any branch of knowledge by allowing
to them all proper use thereof; and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Whereas it is
represented that the enumeration of these facilities and the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> formal statement of this policy
win encourage the establishment and endowment </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of institutions of learning at
the seat of Government, and promote the work of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> education by attracting students
to avail themselves of the advantages </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> aforesaid under the direction of
competent instructors; Therefore, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "Resolved, That
the facilities for research and illustration in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> following and any other governmen
al collections now existing or hereafter to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> be established in the city of Washington
for the promotion of knowledge shall </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> be accessible, under such rules
and restrictions as the officers in charge of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> each collection may prescribe,
subject to such authority as is now or may </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> hereafter be permitted by law,
to the scientific investigators and to students </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> of any institation of higher education
now incorporated or hereafter to be </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> incorporated under the laws of
Congress or of the District of Columbia, to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> wit: 1. Of the Library of Congress.
2. Of the National Museum. 3. Of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Patent Office. 4. Of the Bureau
of Education. 5. Of the Bureau of Ethnology. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> 6. Of the Army Medical Museum.
7. Of the Department of Agriculture. 8. Of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Fish Commission. 9. Of the Botanic
Gardens. 10. Of the Coast and Geodetic </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Survey. 11. Of the Geological Survey.
12. Of the Naval Observatory. (Approved, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> April 12, 1892.) " </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It will be observed that
this joint resolution was passed about ten years </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">before the Bureau of Standards was established.
In 1901 another authority is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">quoted. It is entitled:</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE RESEARCH</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">AND ENCOURAGE STUDENTS</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This is found in a Deficiency
Appropriation Bill which became a law on March </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">3, 1901. The provisions of this bill are
as follows:</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "That facilities
for study and research in the Government departments, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Library of Congress, the National
Museum, the Zoological Park, the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Ethnology, the Fish Commission,
the Botanic Gardens, and similar institutions </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> hereafter established shall be
afforded to scientific investigators and to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> duly qualified individuals, students,
and graduates of institutions of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> learning in the several States
and Territories, as well as in the District of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Columbia, under such rules and
restrictions as the heads of the departments </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and bureaus mentioned may prescribe." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> This legislation also was
enacted before the Bureau of Standards was </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">established. It provided facilities for
study and research along the line of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">joint resolution above mentioned. There
is no indication of any collaboration </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">with big business of any kind but only
with students who were seeking </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">opportunity for education and research.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> On Page, 20 of Circular No.
296 it is stated, under the caption, 'Actions by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Congress":</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The full text
of the two actions by which Congress opened the way for the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> admission of qualified individuals
to the use of the research facilities of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the National Bureau of Standards
is given below." </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> It seems rather strange that
this statement should be made by reason of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">fact that there was no National Bureau
of Standards in existence at the time of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">either of these Congressional authorizations.
It is plain that only students of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">universities and higher institutions of
learning were included in this </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">authorization.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> That it should be the basis
of linking up Government activities with </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">corporations who desire research for their
own individual benefits or that such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">activities as scientific associates could
by any means be included in either one </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">of these enactments is not even to be
inferred. It is a well known principle of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">nearly every kind of business that research
is absolutely necessary to keep pace </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">with the progress of science. A business
that does not conduct research is </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">likely to go upon the rocks. Those corporations
which have the most extensive </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">research laboratories are those that are
making the most progress and securing </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the best results from their activities.
In most instances these great </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">corporations conduct their own researches.
In some instances they appeal to such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">institutions as the Mellon Institute of
the University of Pittsburgh, or to such </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">scientific institutions as the A. D. Little
Corporation of Cambridge, Mass. In </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">all cases where new processes are devised
and new products perfected, the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">corporations protect themselves by letters
patent. In the Mellon Institute, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">according to, the official report (1925)
it is stated that about 300 patents on </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">industrial procsses have been the result
of their investigations. When we turn </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">to the activities in the Bureau of Chemistry
in which new discoveries are </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">patented for common benefit, we find that
81 patents have been taken out.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The number of investigators
and importance of the investigations at the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards almost equals those
of the Mellon Institute of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">University of Pittsburgh.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "At the close
of the Institute's fiscal year on February 28, 1927, as shown </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> in the accompanying chart, fifty-eight
industrial fellowships were operating, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> employing one hundred and two research
chemists and engineers. The sum of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> $598,493 was paid during the year
in support of research in the Institute by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> the fellowship donors--an increase
of $70,942 over the payments of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> preceding year. The total amount
of money appropriated by companies and </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> associations to the Institute,
for the sixteen years ended February 28, 1927, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> was $4,318,397, all of which was
disbursed in sustaining fellowship research. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "The extent and
variety of the Institute's scientific investigations on </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> behalf of industry are shown in
the appended list of the industrial </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> fellowships in operation during
the entire fiscal year, February 28, 1926, to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> February 28, 1927. There were sixty-seven
fellowships--twenty-two multiple </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> fellowships and forty-five individual
fellowships--on which 124. scientists </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> and engineers were occupied in
research. </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The Mellon Institute and
the A. D. Little Corporation of Cambridge, Mass., </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">are doing the same kind of work. as that
conducted by the Bureau of standards </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and are in direct competition therewith.
This is unfair competition.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Apparently all of the expenses
of the Scientific Associates in the Bureau of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Standards and in addition their postage
are paid by the tax-payers of the United </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">States.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> No statement is made of the
amounts paid by the industries to the sixty-two </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">associates employed in the Bureau of Standards
in 1926, nor of the number of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">experts belonging to the Bureau or cooperating
with them. If the industries paid </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the representatives $2,500 a year, their
contribution amounted to $155,050 per </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">annum.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">SUMMARY</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> While I have called attention
to only a very few of the activities of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards, and chiefly those
that belong by all right and custom to </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the Department of Agriculture, at least
I have shown the ground work of the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">indictment against this Bureau. It has
attempted to repeal some of the most </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">important features of the Food and Drugs
Act. It has claimed as its own the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">inventions of others. It has broken deeply
into the activities already started </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">by the Bureau of Chemistry and some of
the other Bureaus of the Department of </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Agriculture, violating the fundamental
principle of ethical standards. The </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bureau of Standards should violate no
standards. It has undertaken collaboration </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">with great industries in such a way that
the extent of its activities have not </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">been disclosed, nor do we know, from any
reports that have come to my notice, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">just how great a contribution is made
by these industries in the way of paying </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">the salaries of the scientific associates.
In this respect it is in competition </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">with the Mellon Institute and other organizations
of a similar character </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">specifically intended to conduct this
research work in an open and proper </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">manner. The Mellon Institute has given
information of the amount contributed by </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">those industries. I have not been able
to discover any such information in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">reports of the Bureau of Standards.</font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> No kind of investigation
seems to be foreign to the Bureau of Standards. It </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has departed so widely from its fundamental
conception as to be no longer </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">recognized chiefly for the purpose for
which it was specifically designed, </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">namely, the determination and preservation
of all standards of measures of all </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">deseriptions for all legal and technical
purposes. Either the original act </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">establishing the department of Agriculture
should be repealed, or any further </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">incursions of the Bureau of Standards
into the domain of Agriculture "in the </font>
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica">most general and comprehensive sense of
that word," should cease.</font>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></td>
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